@article {90, title = {Pediatric Liver Diseases and its Management by Herbals: A Traditional Siddha Medicine Treatise}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {5}, year = {2016}, month = {March 2016}, pages = {32-40}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {32}, abstract = {

Siddha medicine is one of the oldest (5000 years old, pre vedic period) well-documented Indian traditional medicines, compared to Ayurveda, Unani, and traditional Chinese medicine, by way of keen observation and experimentation. It mentions 108 diseases that occur in childhood, which are further classified and described into various subtypes based on the clinical features and different stages of a particular disease. The objective of this review was to collect literature details on pediatric liver diseases and its management as per Siddha medicine. We have referred all the published Siddha books related to the pediatric practice. There were 37 Siddha literature deals pediatric diseases and they use the term kaamaalai or chenkamaari to describe the liver diseases. Most of the literature classifies liver disease into 3 types, but few texts describe 5-6 subtypes. Thus, a total of 9 subtypes of liver diseases in pediatric age group have been described in Siddha literature with a list of herbals to be used for each type. Mostly, the drug therapy is polyhedral formulations of internal and/or external application. A total of 113 herbals, 6 animal products (including black chicken liver, dairy products, donkey{\textquoteright}s dung, honey) and 7 mineral based products (including iron, rock salt) were listed as potential agents to treat liver diseases. The safety and efficacy of all the above mentioned herbal/mineral products have not been fully explored in children, but may be a great potential for clinical development.

}, keywords = {Agastyar, Ayurveda, Herbals for Children, Liver disease, Traditional Medicine}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.5.1.6}, author = {G Senthilvel and Arul Amuthan and Shiny Jasphin} } @article {88, title = {Phytochemical Standardization of Serankottai nei (a Siddha Drug from Milk Extract of Semecarpus Anacardium nuts) and its in-vitro Antitubercular Activity against H37Rv Strain}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {5}, year = {2016}, month = {March 2016}, pages = {17-24}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {17}, abstract = {

Background: Serankottai nei is a popular Siddha drug, used in the treatment of lung infections including tuberculosis, autoimmune joint diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, degenerative osteoarthritis), cancers and neurological pain. Objective: To standardize serankottai nei and to screen its in-vitro antitubercular activity of in H37Rv strain. Materials and Methods: Serankottai nei, a medicated ghee preparation was procured from the SKM Siddha and Ayurveda Co India Ltd, Erode, Tamil Nadu. Unsaponifiable matter (USM) from the ghee preparation was separated and preliminary phytochemical screening was done. Further, USM was dissolved in 10 ml of chloroform and 3 and 6 μl of the above sample was applied for HPTLC fingerprint, which was developed in toluene: ethyl acetate (9.0:1.0). The developed plates were scanned under UV 254 nm, 366 nm, 540 nm and 620 nm post derivatization. Rf, colour of the spots and densitometric scan were recorded. Different doses of USM were screened for in-vitro antitubercular activity against H37Rv strain using Alamar Blue Dye method. Results: Phytochemical screening of 8\% w/w USM obtained from serankottai nei showed presence of alkaloid, phenol, steroid and terpenoid. In HPTLC, there were 15, 5 and 7 peaks at 254 nm, 366 nm and 620 nm respectively. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) against H37Rv strain of pyrazinamide, streptomycin, ciprofloxacin were 3.125, 6.25 and 3.125 μg/ml respectively. Whereas, the MIC of serankottai nei was 1.6 μg/ml, which was almost 25 to 50\% of standard drugs. Conclusion: Serankottai nei has shown promising antitubercular activity in in-vitro study. Thus, Semecarpus anacardium could be a suitable candidate for a new herbal based antitubercular drug.

}, keywords = {Antitubercular, Semecarpus anacardium, Serankottai nei, Siddha Medicine, Tuberculosis}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.5.1.4}, author = {G Senthilvel and Arul Amuthan and KN Sunil Kumar} } @article {110, title = {Effect of Kungiliya Vennai and Kalchunna Thailam on Excision Wound Healing in Albino Wistar Rats}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {4}, year = {2015}, month = {Sept 2015}, pages = {52-57}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {52}, abstract = {

Background: Kungiliya vennai and Kalchunna thailam are the two indigenous herbal formulation being used for healing of wounds in siddha medicine. Objectives: The objective of our study was to evaluate the wound healing property of topical application of kungiliya vennai (KV) and kalchunna thailam (KT) on excision wound in Sprague Dawley rats. Methods: Four groups of eight Sprague dawley female rats in each group were used for the study. Under anesthesia, excision wound of 300mm2 size was created using scissors. Group 1 served as control with no drugs applied. Group 2, 3 and 4 were applied with mupirocin, KV and KT respectively daily until wound was completely healed. Parameters observed were \% wound contraction rate and epithelialization period. Biopsy of wound for histology was taken on day 12 as well as the healed wound was taken after the wound was healed. Results were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey{\textquoteright}s test by keeping p\<0.05 as statistically significant. Results: Kalchunna thailam has increased wound contraction rate only during initial days, but not statistically significant. Kungiliya vennai treatment has increased vascularity with presence of tissue eosinophils when compared to control rats. There was a regeneration of adnexal skin structures in the Kungiliya vennai treated rats, which is not seen in other groups. The epithelialization period was significantly (p\<0.001) hastened in Group 3 (15.83 days) and 4 (15.17 days) compared to control group (21.33 days). Conclusion: The topical application of kungiliya vennai and kalchunna thailam promoted wound healing in rats. Kungiliya vennai has the additional property of regenerating adnexal structures such as hair follicles, sweat glands and sebaceous glands.

}, keywords = {Calcium, Kungiliya Vennai, Shorea Robusta, Siddha Medicine, Wound}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.4.3.4}, author = {Vishal Bhat and Arul Amuthan and Barizah Binti Mohamed Rosli and Nur Amirah Binti Khairuddin and Fatin Shahira Binti Md. Isa} } @article {120, title = {Effect of Notchi kudineer (Vitex negundo Aqueous Extract) on Surgically Induced Endometriosis in Sprague Dawley Rats}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences |}, volume = {4}, year = {2015}, month = {Sept 2015}, pages = {35-43}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {35}, abstract = {

Background: Endometriosis is the growth of endometrial tissue in ectopic places outside the uterus. Siddha physicians claim that Vitex negundo leaf decoction reduces the symptoms of endometriosis in clinical practice. Objective: To evaluate the effect of Vitex negundo aqueous extract on surgically induced endometriosis in Sprague Dawley rats. Materials and Methods: Endometriosis was surgically induced in nulliparous female Sprague Dawley rats with regular estrus cycle by autografting endometrium tissue on posterior abdominal wall. After 30 days of implantation, rats were allocated into two groups (n=6). Control group did not receive any drug, whereas test group received an oral dose of Vitex negundo aqueous extract (300 mg/kg) for 30 days. After 30 days of treatment, the endometriosis cyst size and adhesion were measured and blood was collected for hematology. Malondialdehyde (MDA, an oxidant) and thiol (antioxidant) levels were estimated in blood as well as in cyst. Endometriosis cyst was studied for histopathological grading. Statistical analysis was done using independent t test by keeping p\<0.05. Results: Test drug reduced the adhesion and cyst size compared to control, but the difference was not statistically significant. Histological grade was reduced from 3 to 0 in test group. The test drug significantly increased thiol in blood (p=0.016), and also reduced the blood MDA level (p=0.001) compared to control. Test drug increased the red blood cell distribution width (RDW_CV: p=0.009 and RDW_SD: p=0.003), platelet (p=0.03) and plateletcrit (p=0.026) compared to control group. Conclusion: Our study has created the scientific evidence for the siddha physician{\textquoteright}s claim on Vitex negundo by demonstrating reduction in endometriosis cyst size, adhesion, histological grading and oxidant levels as well as elevation in antioxidant level.

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, Endometriosis, Sprague Dawley Rats, Vitex Negundo}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.4.3.1}, author = {Arul Amuthan and Shabari Anandh and Syed Musharraf and Nupur Agarwal and Vasudha Devi and Revathi P Shenoy and Bhavna Nayal} } @article {105, title = {Physico-Chemical Evaluation of Pavalasilasathu Parpam, a Marine based Traditional Siddha Drug used in Leucoderma and Infectious Conditions}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {4}, year = {2015}, month = {Sept 2015}, pages = {44-47}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {44}, abstract = {

Background: Pavalasilasathu parpam (PSP) is one of the marine derived drugs used in Siddha Medicine for the treatment of leucoderma and respiratory infections. So far, no studies have been done on this drug. Objective: To prepare pavalasilasathu parpam as per the traditional Siddha literature and to evaluate its chemical changes during drug preparation processes. Materials and Methods: First, Suddhi (purification) process of pavalam (coral) and silasathu (selenite) were done by individually processed with Aloe vera juice and tender coconut water respectively. The chemical change in coral and selenite before and after the purification process was analyzed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). Then, coral and selenite were ground well together with Cissus quadrangularis juice for 12 hours and subjected to calcination process. The obtained whitish ash was called as PSP. The physico-chemical property of PSP was analyzed using ash values, FTIR, ICP-OES and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Amount of heavy metal was quantified. Results: The procedure Suddhi reduced the amount of sodium, iron, calcium, phosphorous, sulfur and magnesium in coral and selenite. Particle size ranges between 30-80 μm. Heavy metals like mercury, lead, arsenic and cadmium were below detectable level. Amount of calcium, phosphorous and sulphur were 225 mg, 10 mg and 22 mg in 1 g of PSP. FTIR showed the peaks for the presence of six organic compounds. Conclusion: Pavalasilasathu parpam does not have heavy metals, but contains calcium, phosphorous and Sulphur with few organic phytochemicals derived from Cissus quadrangularis, which was used during the preparation process.

}, keywords = {Ayurveda, Bhasma, Cissus Quadrangularis, Corel, Leucoderma, Marine, Pavalam, Selenite, Siddha}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.4.3.2}, author = {Mekala and Sathish and Arul Amuthan} } @article {154, title = {Effect of Soaking of Phyllanthus Emblica Wood in Drinking-Water for Purification}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {1}, year = {2012}, month = {April 2012}, pages = {19-23}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {19}, abstract = {

Background: Drinking-water is purified by various methods like UV irradiation, heat treatment, adding disinfectants like chlorine etc. Aims of purification include reducing turbidity and elements, increasing taste and removing microbes. There is no single method available which can fulfill entire expectation. Siddha literatures claim that the purification could be achieved by soaking certain herbals. Objective: The present study was done to evaluate the water purifying property of Phyllanthus emblica wood. Materials and method: 1.5 L of water was taken in two different containers. Control container water was kept as such. Phyllanthus emblica wood pieces (75 g) were soaked in test container. After 48 hrs, two groups of water were filtered and investigated for physical properties, elements and level of microorganisms. Result: The color, odor, turbidity, conductivity, total dissolved solids, total alkalinity, calcium, iron, chloride and nitrate level were increased in the test container. pH, total hardness, sulphate and magnesium levels were decreased in the test container. Level of Escherichia coli, total coliforms and faecal coliforms were reduced in the test container. Conclusion: Soaking Phyllanthus emblica wood improves the purity of water. This beneficial property of Phyllanthus emblica may be used in the purification of drinking water.

}, keywords = {Ayurveda, Siddha Medicine, Traditional Method, Water Purification}, author = {Sathish and Selvaganesa Pandian and Arul Amuthan} } @article {176, title = {In-vitro Alpha-glucosidase Inhibitory Activity of Abraga Chendhooram, a Siddha Drug}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {1}, year = {2012}, month = {Sep 2012}, pages = {79-81}, type = {Short Communication}, chapter = {79}, abstract = {

The present study was carried out to evaluate alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity of abraga chendhooram which is a Siddha drug being used to treat diabetes mellitus. The ingredient of abraga chendhooram includes biotite (K(Mg,Fe)3AlSi3O10(F,OH)2), Sesbania grandiflora, Calotropis gigantea and Momordica charantia. In-vitro alpha-glucosidase inhibitory assay was performed by standard procedure. Different concentrations of abraga chendhooram and miglitol (standard drug) were used. Abraga chendhooram exhibited a dose dependent alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity, but it was less than standard drug. Further studies are warranted to look other possible mechanisms for its antidiabetic claim and to assess its safety

}, keywords = {Abraga, Ayurveda, Basma, Biotite, Diabetes Mellitus, Herbo-metallic, Mica}, author = {R. Sathish and R. Madhavan and Hannah R. Vasanthi and Arul Amuthan} } @article {143, title = {Physico-chemical Evaluation of kadukkai maathirai and its Tablet Formulation, a Siddha Iron Preparation used in Anemia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {1}, year = {2012}, month = {April 2012}, pages = {3-8}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {2}, abstract = {

Background: Siddha system of medicine is one among the great heritages of India. Iron deficiency anemia is described as {\textquotedblleft}azhal paandu{\textquotedblright} in siddha system and more formulations are mentioned in literatures to treat anemia. Kadukkai maathirai (KM) is one of the widely used drugs for the treatment of iron deficiency anemia with good patient compliance. It was claimed that this drug is devoid of adverse effects which are seen with other oral iron preparations. Objective: Present study was carried out to standardize kadukkai maathirai by evaluating its physical and chemical properties using modern scientific instruments. Materials and methods: KM was prepared following standard procedures mentioned in the Siddha Hospital Pharmacopeia. Physical properties such foreign matter, loss on drying, total ash content, acid insoluble ash, alcohol soluble extract value and water soluble extract value were evaluated. Amount of iron and heavy metals such as cadmium, mercury, arsenic and lead were estimated. HPTLC chromatogram and photograph were also done. KM was again formulated into tablet form by standard procedures. Kadukkai maathirai tablet (KMT) was analysed for Angle of Repose, bulk density, tapped density, carr{\textquoteright}s index, Hausner{\textquoteright}s ratio, general appearance (shape, color, texture and odor), thickness, uniformity of weight, coating uniformity, coating process efficiency, hardness and friability. Result: Amount of iron in KM was 18.03\%. Whereas amount of heavy metals such as mercury (0.0578 ppm), cadmium (0.0064 ppm), arsenic (0.0405 ppm) and lead (0.2144 ppm) were within the permissible limit . Conclusion: In KM, iron is combined with few herbals which is claimed to facilitate oral bioavailability of iron and nullify iron induced side effects. As heavy metals are within the permissible limit, KM could be considered as safe drug. HPTLC fingerprint could serve for future references

}, keywords = {Anemia, Ayurveda, Herbometallic, Iron deficiency, Traditional Medicine}, author = {Velayudam and Ilavarasan and Arul Amuthan} }