@article {97, title = {Pharmacogenomics of Metformin- A Way to Personalised Medicine}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {5}, year = {2016}, month = {June 2016}, pages = {55-61}, type = {Review Article }, chapter = {55}, abstract = {

Diabetes is fast gaining the status of a potential epidemic in India with more than 62 million diabetic individuals currently diagnosed with the disease. There are atleast 10 different drug classes for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) but metformin is recommended as the initial medication for treatment of T2DM. Inter-individual variability in response and few clinical or biomarker predictors of response reduces its optimal use. Personalized medicine promises a path for individually optimized treatment, but realizing this promise will require a more comprehensive characterization of disease and drug response. As per American Medical Association, pharmacogenomics is the study of genetic variations that influence individual response to drugs. Knowing whether a patient carries any of these genetic variations can help prescribers individualize drug therapy, decrease the chance for adverse drug events, and increase the effectiveness of drugs. There are variety of genes controlling metformin transport in the body, for eg- SLC22A1, SLC22A2, SLC22A3, SLC22A4 etc. The purpose of this review article is to explain in brief pharmacogenomics of metformin and its application and practical hurdles in its translation.

}, keywords = {Diabetes Mellitus, Metformin, Personalised medicine, Pharmacogenomics, SLC2A4}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.5.2.4}, author = {Monali Pradeep Vakharia and Vijay Ramakrishna Zad and Nishikant Nandlal Mankar and Pratik Pradeep Wadivkar and Kalpana Unind Shah} } @article {96, title = {ABCB1 C3435T Genetic Polymorphism and Response to Glibenclamide Therapy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {4}, year = {2015}, month = {June 2015}, pages = {12-15}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {12}, abstract = {

Background: Glibenclamide is a substrate and an inhibitor of P-glycoprotein which is coded by the gene ABCB1. Objective: To study the influence of ABCB1 C3435T gene polymorphism on the therapeutic effect of glibenclamide, its plasma levels and hypoglycemic adverse effects. Materials and Methods: The study was done in Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients of South India (n=80) who were on treatment with glibenclamide as a single agent or along with metformin. From a venous blood sample, ABCB1 C3435T genetic polymorphism and plasma levels of glibenclamide were determined. The parameters were compared between genotype groups. Patient characteristics across genotypes were analyzed using one way ANOVA and the association between glycemic status and genotype was studied using Chi Square test. The association between genotypes and parameters such as C/D values, hypoglycemic episodes were compared using Kruskal Wallis Test. Results:There were no significant differences in age, body mass index and duration of treatment between the genotype groups ABCB1 CC, CT and TT. There was no significant association between glycemic status of type 2 diabetes and presence of variant genotypes ABCB1 CT and TT. There were no statistically significant differences in plasma concentration of glibenclamide, number and severity of adverse effects between the genotype groups. Conclusion: ABCB1 C3435T genetic polymorphism did not produce any significant influence on the therapeutic response to glibenclamide, plasma glibenclamide levels and the occurrence of adverse events in South Indian patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

}, keywords = {ABCB1 C3435T, Diabetes Mellitus, Drug Transporters, Glibenclamide, MDR1, Personalized Medicine, Pharmacogenetics}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.4.2.1}, author = {Surendiran A and Pradhan SC and Subrahmanyam DKS and Aparna Agrawal and Umamaheswaran G and Rajan S and Adithan C} } @article {130, title = {Impact of Severity of Poly Pharmacy on Medication Adherence in Patients with type II Diabetes Mellitus}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {4}, year = {2015}, month = {Dec 2015}, pages = {94-97}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {94}, abstract = {

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a complex chronic disease and people with diabetes estimated to reach 552 million by 2030 worldwide. World Health Organization stated that only 50\% of patients diagnosed with a chronic illness were fully compliant with their treatment regime. Objectives: To test the hypothesis that adherence decreases with increase in number of medications prescribed in patients with type II diabetes mellitus. Materials and methods: It was a comparative cross sectional study conducted in the department of medicine, medical college, Kozhikode. Patients visiting in the outpatient department of general medicine who satisfy the inclusion criteria were enrolled into the study. Patient medication adherence was measured by medication adherence questionnaire. Results analyzed using student{\textquoteright}s t test. Results: A total of 218 type II diabetic patients enrolled in this 6 months study in which minor poly pharmacy accounts for 18 patients, and the remaining were major poly pharmacy regime. The average number of drugs prescribed was 4.71 {\textpm} 2.12. The mean value of medication adherence score is more in major poly pharmacy group (3.48) when compared with minor poly pharmacy group (1.96). Higher the value of medication adherence score lower is the value of medication adherence of the patient. Conclusion: Polypharmacy continues to be a significant issue and little research has been conducted regarding the relationship between medication adherence and poly pharmacy. Medication adherence is affected by certain factors other than the number of drugs prescribed.

}, keywords = {Compliance, Diabetes Mellitus, Medication Adherence, Patients, Polypharmacy}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.4.4.5}, author = {Manju Cheenkallel Sreenivasan and Rinisha Razak and Athira Balakrishnan and Chandni Radhakrishnan} } @article {133, title = {A Review on Drug-Drug and Drug-Food Interactions in Patients During the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {4}, year = {2015}, month = {Dec 2015}, pages = {98-105}, type = {Review articles}, chapter = {98}, abstract = {

Drug interaction is defined as the modification of the effects of a drug (object drug) by the prior and/or the concomitant administration of another drug (precipitant drug). Drug interaction may either increase or decrease the intended effect of one or both drugs. It may transform the diagnostic, preventive or therapeutic activity of any drug. Drug-interactions can be an extremely main contributory factor for the incidence and occurrence of adverse drug reactions and adverse drug events. The rate of occurrence and incidence of drug interactions is much higher in patients receiving combinations of drugs or poly-pharmacy or suffered from co-morbidity of diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, peptic ulcer, fungal infections and neurodegenerative disorders, which require prolong and multi treatments and the risk of drug interaction will increase as they are treated with multi-therapies. It is concluded that diabetic patients are at higher risk for drug interaction as receiving a combination of therapies for diabetic complications as well, so that the rate of occurrence of drug interaction is rapidly amplifying. Diabetes mellitus has been considered as a foremost public health challenge around the world because of its high prevalence and associated increase in morbidity and mortality. The main objective of this review study is to highlights the various drug interactions likely drug-drug and drug-food interactions as well as reports unwanted effects of other treatment associated with antidiabetic agents in the diabetic patients.

}, keywords = {Adverse drug reactions, Diabetes Mellitus, Drug Interaction, Drug-drug Interaction, Drug-food Interaction, Polypharmacy}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.4.4.6}, author = {Sonu and Gopal Sharma and SL. Harikumar and Silvia Navis} } @article {176, title = {In-vitro Alpha-glucosidase Inhibitory Activity of Abraga Chendhooram, a Siddha Drug}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {1}, year = {2012}, month = {Sep 2012}, pages = {79-81}, type = {Short Communication}, chapter = {79}, abstract = {

The present study was carried out to evaluate alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity of abraga chendhooram which is a Siddha drug being used to treat diabetes mellitus. The ingredient of abraga chendhooram includes biotite (K(Mg,Fe)3AlSi3O10(F,OH)2), Sesbania grandiflora, Calotropis gigantea and Momordica charantia. In-vitro alpha-glucosidase inhibitory assay was performed by standard procedure. Different concentrations of abraga chendhooram and miglitol (standard drug) were used. Abraga chendhooram exhibited a dose dependent alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity, but it was less than standard drug. Further studies are warranted to look other possible mechanisms for its antidiabetic claim and to assess its safety

}, keywords = {Abraga, Ayurveda, Basma, Biotite, Diabetes Mellitus, Herbo-metallic, Mica}, author = {R. Sathish and R. Madhavan and Hannah R. Vasanthi and Arul Amuthan} }