@article {358, title = {Advance knowledge of Physician about Total Parenteral Nutrition in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {12}, year = {2023}, month = {September 2023}, pages = {67-76}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {67}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the physician{\textquoteright}s advanced knowledge about Total Parenteral Nutrition in Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: It analyzes a cross-sectional survey that discussed the physician{\textquoteright}s basic knowledge of some items for Total Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) in Saudi Arabian. The survey consisted of respondents{\textquoteright} demographic information about Physician knowledge of Total Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) calculations. Besides, the physician{\textquoteright}s understanding of Total Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) adjusts based on diseases, Physician knowledge of Total Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) components for various populations. The 5-point Likert response scale system was used with closed-ended questions. The survey was validated through the revision of expert reviewers and pilot testing. Besides, various tests of the reliability of McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ2, and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 were done with the study. Furthermore, the data analysis of the Pharmacist practice of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) medications is done through the survey monkey system. Besides, the Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft Excel sheet version 16. Results: A total number of 409 physicians responded to the questionnaire. Of them, almost onehalf responded from the Northern region (186 (45.48\%)), and one Quarter responded from the central area (106 (25.92\%)), with statistically significant differences between the provinces (p=0.000). Females responded more than males (268 (65.53\%)) versus 141 (34.47\%)), with statistically significant differences between all levels (p=0.001). Most of the responders were in the age group of 36-45 years (198 (48.41\%)) and 46-55 years (109 (26.65\%)), with statistically significant differences between all age groups (p=0.000). Almost one-half of responders, 176 (43.03\%), worked at an organization that had Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) services, with only 86 (21.03\%) had been ever requested any Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) with statistically significant differences between all answers (p=0.000). The average score of knowledge calculation of Total Parenteral Nutrition services components was (3.41). The element {\textquotedblleft}Total daily requirement of the protein{\textquotedblright} obtained the highest score (3.81). The aspect {\textquotedblleft}Total daily requirement of the electrolytes{\textquotedblright} was (3.77). The average score of knowledge the Total Parental Nutrition services (TPNs) adjust with various diseases was (3.70). The element {\textquotedblleft}Hepatic Failure{\textquotedblright} obtained the highest score (4.30). The aspect {\textquotedblleft}Renal failure{\textquotedblright} was (4.22). Conclusion: The advanced knowledge of physicians about parenteral nutrition calculations or adjusting parenteral nutrition based on the current disease was inadequate. Therefore, targeting undergraduates and postgraduate education and training is highly in the medical care.

}, keywords = {Advance, Knowledge, Physicians, Saudi Arabia., Total Parenteral Nutrition}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2023.12.9}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Riyadh M Alashban and Anwar Ghudair Alanazi and Abdulmajeed Ali Alshehri} } @article {353, title = {Basic Knowledge of Physician about Total Parenteral Nutrition in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {12}, year = {2023}, month = {September 2023}, pages = {29-35}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {29}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the physician{\textquoteright}s basic knowledge about Total Parenteral Nutrition in Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: It analyzes a cross-sectional survey that discussed the physician{\textquoteright}s basic knowledge of some items for Total Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) in Saudi Arabia. The survey consisted of respondents{\textquoteright} demographic information about the Assessment of Total Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) knowledge of physicians, The resources of Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) used by physicians. The 5-point Likert response scale system was used with closedended questions. The survey was validated through the revision of expert reviewers and pilot testing. Besides, various tests of the reliability of McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ2, and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 been done with the study. Furthermore, the physician{\guilsinglright}s basic knowledge about Total Parenteral Nutrition is analyzed through the survey monkey system. Besides, the Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft Excel sheet version 16. Results: A total number of 409 physicians responded to the questionnaire. Of them, almost one-half responded from the Northern region (186 (45.48\%)), and one Quarter responded from the central area (106 (25.92\%)), with statistically significant differences between the provinces (p=0.000). Females responded more than males (268 (65.53\%)) versus 141 (34.47\%)), with statistically significant differences between all levels (p=0.001). Most of the responders were in the age group of 36-45 years (198 (48.41\%)) and 46-55 years (109 (26.65\%)), with statistically significant differences between all age groups (p=0.000). Almost one-half of responders, 176 (43.03\%), worked at an organization that had Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) services, with only 86 (21.03\%) had been ever requested any Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) with statistically significant differences between all answers (p=0.000). The average score of basic knowledge of physicians about the Total Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) was (2.57). The element {\textquotedblleft}Have you ever heard about the concept of Total Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs){\textquotedblright} obtained the highest score (3.22). The aspect {\textquotedblleft}know the requirements of TPN through peripheral line administration{\textquotedblright} (2.89). The element {\textquotedblleft}know the interaction of the drug with total Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs){\textquotedblright} was (2.76). The most resources for Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) were the Saud Food and Drug Authority (SFDA) website 178 (43.63\%), Peer discussions 113 (27.70\%), and Medical association literature/guidelines/recommendations 112 (27.45\%). Conclusion: The basic knowledge of physicians about total parenteral nutrition is inadequate. Therefore, targeting education nutrition support for physicians is highly recommended, and the privilege of prescribing TPN should be reviewed.

}, keywords = {Basic, Knowledge, Physicians, Saudi Arabia., Total Parenteral Nutrition}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2023.12.5}, author = {Jawza F. Alsabhan and Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Anwar Tashan Zaid Alanazi and Rashed Abdullah Nasser Almutairi and Abdulmajeed Ali Alshehri} } @article {355, title = {The Basic Practice of Total Parenteral Nutrition by Physicians in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {12}, year = {2023}, month = {September 2023}, pages = {49-55}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {49}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the essential practice of Total Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) by the physician in Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: The study is a cross-sectional survey highlighting the essential practice of Total Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) by a Saudi Arabian physician. The survey consisted of respondents{\textquoteright} demographic information about the essential practice of Total Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) by the physician at the institution, including the availabilities of Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) at the institution, physician prescribing TPN, the number of patients who need TPN, and the number of TPN orders. The 5-point Likert response scale system was used with closed-ended questions. The survey was validated through the revision of expert reviewers and pilot testing. Besides, various tests of the reliability of McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ2, and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 were done with the study. Furthermore, the physician{\textquoteright}s data analysis of the essential practice of Total Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) is done through the survey monkey system. Besides, the Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft Excel sheet version 16. Results: A total number of 409 physicians responded to the questionnaire. Of them, almost onehalf responded from the Northern region (n=186 (45.48\%), and around one-Quarter of the responded physician were from the central area (n=106) (25.92\%), with statistically significant differences between the provinces (p=0.000). Females responded more than males (n=268) (65.53\%) versus (n=141) (34.47\%), with statistically significant differences between all levels (p=0.001). Most of the responders were in the age group of 36-45 years (n=198) (48.41\%) and 46-55 years (n=109) (26.65\%), with statistically significant differences between all age groups (p=0.000). Almost onehalf of responders (n=176) (43.03\%) worked at an organization that had parenteral nutrition services (TPNs) services. However, less than a quarter had been ever requested any parenteral nutrition services (TPNs) (n=86) (21.03\%), with statistically significant differences between all answers (p=0.000). Most physicians do not ever request any parenteral nutrition services (TPNs) (n=179) (43.77\%), or they do not have any answer (n=144) (35.21\%). The estimated total number of TPN prescriptions was (21,344.50) daily, with an average of (16.25) TPN orders per responder working in hospital practice. Those prescriptions were needed; the total number of patients was (5,757); with an average of (60.3) patients per responder. The highest range number of patients was (n=108) (26.41\%) in a range (81-100) patients and 103 (25.18\%) in a field (1-20) patients daily. The average score of essential practice items for Total Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) at the institution was (3.31). The element {\textquotedblleft}Mission of Total Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) system{\textquotedblright} obtained the highest score (3.61). The element {\textquotedblleft}Nutrition Support Team services were (3.56). Conclusion: Physicians{\textquoteright} essential practice of parenteral nutrition was inadequate despite the high number of patients and the number of TPN orders. Lack of parenteral nutrition education was the primary concern in the physician{\textquoteright}s parenteral nutrition practice in medical care.

}, keywords = {Basic, Physicians, Practice, Saudi Arabia., Total Parenteral Nutrition}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2023.12.7}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Jawza F. Alsabhan and Amal Abdulllah Alnasser and Ayman Uthman Alhussini and Abdulmajeed Ali Alshehri} } @article {44, title = {Cost of Total Parenteral Nutrition Services at the Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {39-44}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {39}, abstract = {

Objectives: The estimation of cost of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is a part of the pharmacoeconomic program at the Ministry of Health (MOH), Saudi Arabia. In this study, we explored the cost analysis of TPN services by using American Model with local cost. Methods: Simulation was performed for all 6 months of TPN services for neonate, pediatric and adult patients. King Salman Hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia was chosen as the study site; it has 300 beds. The physician or the pharmacist prescribed TPN to their patients. The pharmacist reviews and prepares TPN. The nurse administers TPN and follows up with the doctor or the pharmacist. TPN was prepared through sterile 797 standards and automated compounding facilities. The costing was derived from MOH information database. The cost was calculated based on the variable expenses including personal cost, material cost and supply cost. Fixed costs included direct cost, non-salary cost and overhead cost. All costs were estimated in US dollar currency and local prices. Results: A total number of 112 patients were prescribed with (1631) TPN orders; the total volume of TPN was 619,161.90 mL. Of these, 103 (91.96\%), 6 (5.36\%) and 3 (2.68\%) were prescribed for neonatal, adult and pediatric patients, respectively. Of those with TPN orders, 1484 (90.99\%), 108 (6.62\%) and 39 (2.39\%) were prescribed for neonatal, adult and pediatric patients, respectively. The total average number of orders per day was 4.47. Of those, 4.07, 0.3 and 0.11 was for neonatal, adult and pediatric patients, respectively. The average duration of TPN for adults, neonatal and pediatric patients was 18, 14.4 and 13 days, respectively. The total average direct cost for active ingredient in the TPN was 61.81 USD. Of those, 38.54 USD (62.35\%), 16.63 USD (26.91\%) and 6.64 USD (10.74\%) was for pediatric, adult and neonatal patients. The estimated cost of TPN services for neonatal, adult and pediatric patients was 863.74 USD, 691.3 USD and 618.16 USD per day, respectively. The total annual and daily estimated expenditures of TPN orders were 629,865.02 USD and 212.22 USD; 44,795.24 USD and 207.39 USD; and 5,303.77 USD and 68.00 USD respectively for neonatal, adult and pediatric patients. The total annual and daily estimated cost were 314,764.70 USD and 3,055.97 USD; 22,398.12 USD and 3,733.02 USD; and 2,652.00 USD and 884.00 USD respectively for neonatal, adult and pediatric patients. Conclusion: In this study, we performed cost-estimation of the TPN in Saudi Arabia. This is the first study at MOH in Saudi Arabia. It is an essential basic element of pharmacoeconomic program and cost analysis of TPN-related healthcare services.

}, keywords = {Cost, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia, Total Parenteral Nutrition}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.8}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Aisha Omar Fallatah and Amjad Ahmad AL qahtani and Nesreen Al-Shubbar and Maha F Al-Yahya and Estiqlal Hussain Al-Smail} }