@article {62, title = {Adherence Assessment of Medication Errors Reporting System at the Public Hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {June 2019}, pages = {105-109}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {105}, abstract = {

Objective: Medication errors have noteworthy implications in the field of patient safety. Error detection through a dynamic supervision and an efficient error reporting system unveils medication errors and boosts safe practices. The overall goal of this study is to explore the pharmacist{\textquoteright}s adherence to medication errors reporting system in adults and pediatrics at the public hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Methods: This article describes 9 months retrospective cohort study in year of 2015. A retrospective study was conducted on all inpatients at a 300-bed hospital where all medication procedures in each ward were monitored by a clinical pharmacist. The study was conducted at the Public Hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The hospital had medication safety officer with medication safety committee. The program led by trained pharmacist and delivered basic medication safety education programs to all health professional. The medication error report consisted of patient demographic information, qualification of committing mistakes, time of errors occurs, type of medication errors, reasons for medication errors, medications stages involved and errors outcome. Results: The total number of reports were 805. The most common adherence documentation of error involving medications were cost related information (100\%), error related information with an average (90.59\%), patient related information (50.37\%) and drug related information (49.39\%). While the action related information (0.57\%) was harmless. The most common completed of error related information were causes of medication errors 775 (96.3\%) and type of medication errors 770 (95.6\%) followed by outcome of medication errors 764 (94.9\%) and medication process stages involved 711 (88.3\%). While the patient{\textquoteright}s demographic information completed only (50\%) in reports. Conclusion: Despite the medication error reporting is consider new at the public hospital, the number of reporting was high. The system needs more determination to follow completeness medication errors reporting system and that by development of an electronic reporting system, program awareness and positive documentation system feedback changes in pharmacy practice.

}, keywords = {Adherence, Medication errors, Ministry of Health, Public, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.18}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Nisreen Al-Shubaar and Nadia Lubad and Fatimah Ali Albusalih} } @article {64, title = {Assessment of Patient Satisfaction with Pharmaceutical Services in Ministry of Health Hospitals at East Province, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {June 2019}, pages = {116-121}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {116}, abstract = {

Objective: Patient satisfaction is considered as a measure of the quality of care in health system. Investigation of satisfaction with pharmaceutical services will disclose gaps in training and barricades of implementation. The study examined patient satisfaction of pharmaceutical services at Ministry of Health Hospitals at East Province in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a 4-months cross-sectional self-administered survey of patient satisfaction of pharmaceutical care in Ministry of Health Hospitals at East Province, Saudi Arabia. The survey comprises two parts; the first part was demographic data about the patients, the second part was several domains about various pharmaceutical care services at East Province in Saudi Arabia. The 5-point Likert response scale system used with closed and ended questions. The survey scattered through five hospitals in East Province involved a public, pediatrics, maternity and psychiatry hospitals ambulatory care patient. All data and variables analyzed by Microsoft Excel program version 10. Results: The study sample size was 892. Out of 892 patients, 815 (95.66\%) was Saudi and 37 (4.34\%) was non-SaudiSaudi. Of that 213 (25\%) was female and 639 (75\%) was male. The majority of patients were between the ages of 20-40 (61.33\%) and 41-60 years (39.44\%) old. The average score of pharmacy location and related issues was 3.69/5.00. The domain of pharmacy location was ranked highest (4.05/5.00), while the domain of pharmacy waiting area was ranked lowest (3.47/5.00). The average score of medication related issues was 4.28/5.00. The domain of the drug label stickled with all medications was ranked highest (4.43/5.00), while the domain of the medication reconciliation was ranked lowest (3.56/5.00). The average score of pharmacist related issues was 4.66/5.00. The domain of the pharmacist assure by your name before dispensing was ranked highest (4.58/5.00), while the domain of the pharmacist provides you with medication counseling and encourages you to ask questions was ranked lowest (3.91/5.00). The overall pharmacy evaluation was 4.55/5.00. Conclusion: The patient satisfaction of pharmacy services was adequate at MOH hospital in East Province, Saudi Arabia. The outcomes showed a lack in pharmacists {\textquoteleft}interaction with patients and exertions should be focused towards involvement in a more patient-oriented training in Saudi hospital pharmacies.

}, keywords = {Assessment, East Province, Ministry of Health, Patient, Pharmaceutical, Satisfaction, Saudi Arabia, Services}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.20}, author = {Mohammed Mohsen Almaznai and Osama Mohammed Almadani and Ibrahim Abdul Karim Aloraifi and Saleh Ali Alsallouk and Hussain Alkabaz and Abdulaziz Saud Alotaibi and Hamdi Abdullah Alamri and Kairat Imad Al-Hennawi and Mohanad Imad Al-Hennawi and Yousef Ahmed Alomi} } @article {45, title = {Cost Analysis of Activities for Network Drug Information Centers at the Ministry of Health Hospitals in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {45-51}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {45}, abstract = {

Objectives: In this study, we aimed to analyze the cost of network drug information services at the Ministry of Health (MOH) hospitals in Saudi Arabia. Method: In this study, we simulated the 2-month cross-sectional survey data of all drug information centers at the MOH hospitals. Any drug store that has provided services to the healthcare professionals and the public participated in the questionnaire. National, regional and local drug information centers in the healthcare institutions participated in this survey. All type of hospitals or primary care centers (e.g. public, pediatric, maternity and psychiatry) were included in this study. The survey consisted of two parts: the first part collects demographics data and the second part analyzes the cost of activities of drug information centers. The clinical activities were derived from the model of the American College of Clinical Pharmacy (ACCP). The type cost consisted of related central drug information activities, the cost of the patient-centered drug information activity and the cost of Administrative drug information activities. All cost used US dollar currency. Results: The survey was distributed to 60 drug information centers and a total of 46 centers responded to the survey; the response rate was 76.66\%. Most of the hospitals (11 (23.9\%)) had 100{\textendash}199 beds and the others (11 (23.9\%)) had 200{\textendash}299 beds. The total daily cost of drug information activities was 6,002.18 USD. The highest cost of drug information activities was central drug information activities (2,654.69 USD (44.23\%)) followed by the administration of drug information activities (2,280.59 USD (37.99\%)) and patient-specific drug information activities (1,066.9 USD (17.77\%)). The highest daily cost of drug information activities among central drug information center was responding to drug information inquiries ((536.24 USD)) followed by the residential training ((9274.46 USD)) and pharmacist{\textquoteright}s training ((263.14 USD)). Conclusion: The central activities of drug information centers costed the highest. Expanding the services to patient-specific activities will decrease morbidity, mortality and justify cost analysis at MOH hospitals in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Activities, Cost Analysis, Drug Information Centers, Ministry of Health, Network, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.9}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Ban Abdullah Aldosary} } @article {198, title = {Cost Analysis of Clinical Compounding in Saudi Arabia: Antibiotic Pediatrics Formulations}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {s7-s10}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {s7}, abstract = {

Objectives: The aim of this study to explore the cost analysis of selected pediatrics antibiotics formularies in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a retrospective cost analysis of pediatrics formulations at 300-beds pediatrics and maternity hospital in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. The pharmacy section received the specific formulation from physician then the expert pharmacist applied the international standard of clinical compounding through providing to healthcare staff over eight hours per days for five days per a week. The pediatrics formulations consisted of selected four antibiotics (Nitrofurantoin, Oseltamivir, Chloroquine and Clindamycin). The analysis of the cost included the variable expenses included personal cost, material and supply cost, Costs fixed including direct cost, non-salary cost and overhead cost. The cost was derived from the Ministry of Health information database. All cost used US dollar currency. The study analyzed the cost of anti-hypertension pediatrics formulations through the Microsoft Excel sheet version 10th. Results: The estimated average total standard cost of pediatrics formulations per hour was (53.82 USD). The average estimated cost of Nitrofurantoin per each preparation was (14.13 USD) which consisted of standard cost (0.31 USD) and the direct cost was (13.82 USD). The average estimated cost of Oseltamivir per each preparation was (16.95 USD) which consisted of standard cost (0.33 USD) and the direct cost was (16.62 USD). The average estimated cost of Chloroquine per each preparation was (6.645 USD) which consisted of standard cost (4.36 USD) and the direct cost was (6.645 USD). The average estimated cost of Clindamycin per each preparation was (14.478 USD) which consisted of standard cost (2.018 USD) and the direct cost was (12.46 USD). Conclusion: There are varieties in the cost analysis between selected pediatric formulation and manufactured ready-made products. The pharmacist should select the cheapest one among them. The cost analysis of pediatrics formulation was used for health insurance coverage and to meet the updated pharmacy strategic plan and Saudi vision 2030 in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Antibiotic, Clinical, Compounding, Cost, Formulations, Ministry of Health, Pediatrics, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.37}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Malika Alhadab and Faiz Bahadig and Mohammad Jabir Al Harbi and Mona Lubbad and Ebtesam Nazal} } @article {199, title = {Cost Analysis of Clinical Compounding in Saudi Arabia: Anticonvulsant Pediatrics Formulations}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {s11-s14}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {s11}, abstract = {

Objectives: The aim of this study is to explore the cost analysis of pediatrics anticonvulsant formulations in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a retrospective cost analysis of pediatrics formulations at 300-beds pediatrics and maternity hospital in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. The pharmacy section received the specific formulation from physician then the expert pharmacist applied the international standard of clinical compounding through of providing to healthcare staff over eight hours per days for five days per a week. The pediatrics formulations consisted of selected four anticonvulsant medications. The analysis of the cost included the variable expenses included personal cost, material and supply cost, Costs fixed including direct cost, non-salary cost and overhead cost. The cost was derived from the Ministry of Health information database. All cost was used US dollar currency. The study analyzed the cost of anticonvulsant pediatrics formulations through the Microsoft Excel sheet version 10th. Results: The estimated average total standard cost of pediatrics formulations per hour was (53.82 USD. The average estimated cost of Levetiracetam per each one preparation was (53.313 USD). The total annual cost of Levetiracetam was (18,126.42 USD). The average estimated cost of Topiramate per each one preparation was (22.66 USD). The total annual cost of Topiramate was (1,087.68 USD). The average estimated cost of Rufinamide per each one preparation was (29.342 USD), while the total annual cost of Rufinamide was (293.42 USD). Conclusion: This is the first study about cost analysis of anticonvulsant pediatrics formulations in KSA and Middle East. There are some differences in the cost analysis between the pharmacy preparations and manufactured related to internal and external reasons. The pharmacist should select the cheapest one among them the preparations. The cost analysis of pediatrics formulation meets the Saudi vision 2030 strategic plan in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Anticonvulsant, Clinical, Compounding, Cost, Formulations, Ministry of Health, Pediatrics, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.38}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Malika Alhadab and Faiz A. Bahadig and Mona Lubbad and Ebtesam Nazal and Khulud Khalid Alnami} } @article {200, title = {Cost Analysis of Clinical Compounding in Saudi Arabia: Anti-tuberculosis Pediatrics Formulations}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {s15-s18}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {s15}, abstract = {

Objectives: In this study, we explored the cost analysis of selected pediatric antituberculosis formulations available at the pharmacy of a pediatrics and maternity hospital in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a retrospective cost analysis study of pediatric anti-tuberculosis formulations conducted at a pediatrics and maternity hospital having 300 beds in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. The pharmacy section of this hospital receives the specific formulation from the physician. Then the expert pharmacist provides the clinical compounding services to healthcare staff and patients over 8 hr per day for 5 days per a week. The pediatric formulations consisted of selected anti-tuberculosis medications. The cost analysis included variable expenses such as personal cost, material cost and supply cost. Fixed costs included direct cost, nonsalary cost and overhead cost. All costs were derived from the Ministry of Health information database. All costs were analyzed in terms of US dollar currency by using the Microsoft Excel software version 10. Results: The estimated average total standard cost of pediatric anti-tuberculosis formulations per hour was (53.82 USD), which included 58.58\% (31.53 USD) personal cost, 25.14\% (13.53 USD) overhead cost, 3.34\% (1.8 USD) material and supply cost and 12.93\% (6.96 USD) non-salary cost. The average estimated cost of rifampicin per preparation was (11.36 USD). The total annual cost of rifampicin was (1363.20 USD). The average estimated cost of pyrazinamide per preparation was (6.835 USD). The total annual cost of pyrazinamide was (68.35 USD). The average estimated cost of isoniazid per preparation was (8.515 USD). The total annual cost of isoniazid was (85.15 USD). Conclusion: Two anti-tuberculosis pediatric formulations (rifampicin and isoniazid) were available for various prices, whereas pyrazinamide was not available as pediatric formulation either locally or in USA and UK. The pharmacist should prepare all anti-tuberculosis pediatric formulation when needed. The cost analysis of all anti-tuberculosis pediatric formulations should be determined in order to meet health insurance and the strategies of New Saudi Vision 2030 in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Anti-tuberculosis, Clinical compounding, Cost, Ministry of Health, Pediatric formulations, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.39}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Faiz A. Bahadig and Malika Alhadab and Mona Lubbad and Ebtesam Nazal and Mayssa Ahmed Assiri} } @article {201, title = {Cost Analysis of Clinical Compounding in Saudi Arabia: Autoimmune and Gastrointestinal Pediatric Formulations}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {s19-s23}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {s19}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the cost analysis of selected autoimmune and gastrointestinal pediatric formulations in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a retrospective cost analysis study of autoimmune and gastrointestinal pediatric formulations at a pediatrics and maternity hospital in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. The extemporaneous pharmacy section regularly receive prescriptions with specific formulation from physician. The expert pharmacist applies the international standard of clinical compounding for all pediatric formulation related issue over 8 hr per days for 5 days per a week. The pediatric formulations consisted selected autoimmune and gastrointestinal medications. The cost analysis includes variable expenses such as personal cost, material cost and supply cost and fixed costs includes direct cost, non-salary cost and overhead cost. All costs were derived from the Ministry of Health information database. All costs were considered based on US dollar currency. In this study, we analyzed the cost of autoimmune and gastrointestinal pediatric formulations through the use of Microsoft Excel software version 10. Results: The estimated average total standard cost of pediatric formulations per hour was (53.82 USD). The average estimated cost of hydrocortisone per preparation was (12.896 USD). The total annual cost of hydrocortisone was (1547.52 USD). The average estimated cost of prednisolone per preparation was (4.6 USD). The average estimated cost of allopurinol per preparation was (6.99 USD) and the average estimated cost of sildenafil per preparation was (25.05 USD). The average estimated cost of omeprazole per each one preparation was (24.07 USD) and the total annual cost of omeprazole was (7221 USD). The average estimated cost of ranitidine per preparation was (5.248 USD) and the total annual cost of ranitidine was (2760.45 USD). The average estimated cost of baclofen per preparation was (21.266 USD) and the total annual cost of baclofen was (7655.76 USD). Conclusion: Based on the cost analysis, the cost of selected pediatric autoimmune and gastrointestinal pediatric formulations were higher than the ready-made products manufactured by pharmaceutical companies. The pharmacist should select the cheapest one among them. The cost analysis of pediatric formulation can be used to cover health insurance and meet the updated pharmacy strategic plan and New Saudi Vision 2030 in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Autoimmune, Clinical, Compounding, Cost, Formulations, Gastrointestinal, Ministry of Health, Pediatrics, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.40}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Malika Alhadab and Mona Lubbad and Faiz A. Bahadig and Ebtesam Nazal} } @article {204, title = {Cost Analysis of Clinical Compounding in Saudi Arabia: Excipients and Vehicles of Pediatric Formulations}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {s32-s35}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {s32}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore cost analysis of excipients of pediatric formulations in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a retrospective cost analysis of pediatric formulations at 300-beds pediatrics and maternity hospital in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. The pharmacy section received the specific formulation from physician then the expert pharmacist applied the international standard of clinical compounding through by providing to healthcare staff over eight hours per days for five days per a week. The pediatric formulations consisted selected excipients of pediatric formulations. The analysis of the cost included the variable expenses included personal cost, material and supply cost. Fixed costs including direct costs, non-salary cost and overhead cost. The cost was derived from the Ministry of Health information database. All cost was used US dollar currency. The study analyzed the cost of excipients of pediatric formulations through the Microsoft Excel sheet version 10th. Results: The estimated average total standard cost of pediatric formulations per hour was (53.82 USD and consisted of 58.58 \% (31.53 USD) for personal cost, 25.14 \% (13.53 USD) for overhead cost, 3.34\% (1.8 USD) for material and supply cost, 12.93 \% (6.96 USD) for non-salary cost. The average estimated cost of Simple Syrup per each preparation was (1.974USD). The total annual cost of simple syrup was (426.38 USD). The average estimated cost of methyl cellulose 1\% plus simple syrup per each preparation was (3.721USD). The total annual cost of methyl cellulose 1\% was (759.1USD). The average estimated cost of methyl cellulose 1\% per each preparation was (2.5 USD). The total annual cost of methyl cellulose 1\% was (584.8 USD). The average estimated cost of methyl cellulose 2\% per each preparation was (3.655 USD). The total annual cost of Methyl Cellulose 2\% (438.6 USD). Conclusion: This is the first of cost analysis of excipients of pediatric formulations in Saudi Arabia. Most of excipients of pediatric formulations products not registered in the famous countries. The hospital pharmacy updates annually all cost analysis of excipients pediatric formulations. The pharmacist should select the best and appropriate excipients for the formulations. The cost analysis project as part of updated the pharmacy strategic plan with new Saudi Vision 2030.

}, keywords = {Clinical, Compounding, Cost, Excipients, Formulations, Ministry of Health, Pediatrics, Saudi Arabia, Vehicles}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.43}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Malika Alhada and Faiz A. Bahadig and Mona Lubbad and Ebtesam Nazal} } @article {203, title = {Cost Analysis of Clinical Compounding in Saudi Arabia: Nephrology Pediatrics Formulations}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {s28-s31}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {s28}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore cost analysis of selected renal pediatric formulations in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a retrospective cost analysis of pediatric formulations at 300-beds pediatrics and maternity hospital in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. The pharmacy section received the specific formulation from physician then the expert pharmacist applied the international standard of clinical compounding through by providing to healthcare staff over eight hours per days for five days per a week. The pediatric formulations consisted selected renal products. The analysis of the cost included the variable expenses included personal cost, material and supply cost. Fixed costs, including, direct costs, non-salary cost and overhead cost. The cost was derived from the Ministry of Health information database. All cost was used US dollar currency. The study analyzed the cost of Nephrology pediatrics formulations through the Microsoft Excel sheet version 10th. Results: The estimated average total standard cost of pediatric formulations per hour was (53.82 USD). The average estimated cost of Hydrochlorothiazide per each preparation was (5.204 USD) and the total annual cost of Hydrochlorothiazide was (2,071.2 USD). The average estimated cost of Acetazolamide per each preparation was (5.72 USD) the total annual cost of Acetazolamide was (366.1 USD). The average estimated cost of Spironolactone per each preparation was (2.513 USD) and the total annual cost of Spironolactone was (1,507.8 USD). The average estimated cost of Sodium citrate per each preparation was (1.23 USD) with a total annual cost of Sodium citrate was (599.01 USD). The average estimated cost of Citric Acid per each preparation was (1.136 USD) with a total annual cost of Citric Acid was (81.782 USD). Conclusion: Cost analysis of pediatrics formulation with emphasis on medications used for renal diseases is primary tool of pharmacoeconomic and health insurance. The pharmacist play role in the preparation of renal medications and cost analysis related issue. This is new study in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and Gulf or Middle East countries with and meet the new Saudi vision 2030 in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Clinical, Compounding, Cost, Formulations, Ministry of Health, Nephrology, Pediatrics, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.42}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Malika Alhadab and Faiz A. Bahadig and Mona Lubbad and Ebtesam Nazal} } @article {202, title = {Cost Analysis of Clinical Compounding in Saudi Arabia: Oral Electrolyte Pediatrics Formulations}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {s24-s27}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {s24}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore cost analysis of selected oral electrolytes pediatrics formulations in the Kingdom Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a retrospective cost analysis of pediatrics formulations at 300-beds pediatrics and maternity hospital in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. The pharmacy section received the specific formulation from physician then the expert pharmacist applied the international standard of clinical compounding through of providing to healthcare staff over eight hours per days for five days per a week. The pediatrics formulations consisted selected four selected electrolytes. The analysis of the cost was included the variable expenses like personal cost, material and supply cost. Fixed costs include direct cost, non-salary cost and overhead cost. The cost was derived from the Ministry of Health information database. All cost was used US dollar currency. This study analyzed the cost of anti-hypertension pediatrics formulations through the Microsoft Excel sheet version 10th. Results: The estimated average total standard cost of pediatrics formulations per hour was (53.82 USD). The average estimated cost of potassium chloride 10\% per each preparation was (2.053 USD) and the total annual cost of potassium Chloride 10\% was (172.452 USD). The average estimated cost of potassium chloride 7.5\% per each preparation was (1.342 USD) with the total annual cost of potassium chloride 7.5\% was (228.14 USD). The average estimated cost of sodium bicarbonate 8.4\% per each preparation was (0.7551 USD) with the total annual cost of sodium bicarbonate 8.4\% was (54.36 USD). The average estimated cost of calcium carbonate 200 mg/mL per each preparation was (5.45 USD) with the total annual cost of calcium carbonate 200mg/mL was (1,046.4 USD). The average estimated cost of sodium chloride 5.8\% per each preparation was (1.117 USD) which the total annual cost of sodium chloride 5.8\% was (167.55 USD). Conclusion: Most the electrolyte pediatrics formulations which are not available in the local or international market. Pharmacists should continue to prepare them with lower economic burden. The study was first done in KSA and meet new health strategic plan of Saudi vision 2030 in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Clinical, Compounding, Cost, Electrolyte, Formulations, Ministry of Health, Pediatrics, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.41}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Faiz A. Bahadig and Malika Alhadab and Mona Lubbad and Ebtesam Nazal} } @article {40, title = {Cost Efficiency of National Drug Information Center Services Through Ministry of Health Hotline Calling Center (937) in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {17-20}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {17}, abstract = {

Objective: Since January 2013, the national drug information center (NDIC) has started providing services and since December 2013, it is answering all the public and professional inquiries made through the Ministry of Health (MOH)-Hotline Calling Services (937). Therefore, in this study, we explored the cost avoidance analysis of national drug information inquiries by the hotline services in Saudi Arabia. Methods: We simulated the drug information inquiries related to the adults and children for the duration of 12 months of 2014 through MOH-hotline calling services (937). At least 10 on-call clinical pharmacists and expert trained pharmacists were receiving calls made from public and professionals inquiring about drug information. The data were collected in the drug information data collecting form through manual documentation system of drug information inquiries. Results: The drug information pharmacist implicated that the high-cost avoidance at the public side came from the dose standardization (30,310 USD (37.5\%)) of the total cost avoidance followed by the drug administration and adverse drug reaction (16,532 USD (20.45\%) and 9,347.5 USD (11.56\%), respectively), which represent more than 50\% of the total cost avoidance from the public side. With regard to professional inquiries, the drug information pharmacist implicated that the highest cost avoidance was through inquiries related to drugs in pregnancy, which was around 7,527.50 USD (26\%) of the total cost followed by the drug administration, drug{\textendash}drug interaction and drug identification (4,792 USD (16.5\%); 4,141.50 USD (14.3\%); and 4,135.50 USD (14.2\%), respectively), which represent more than 50\% of the total cost avoidance from the professional side. Conclusion: NDIC was the first in calculating cost avoidance from answering drug information inquiries from professional and public separately in the Middle Eastern countries. It is highly implicated in the drug information services in the healthcare organization in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Cost, Drug Information Center, Efficiency, Hotline, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.4}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Hajer Yousef Almudaiheem} } @article {44, title = {Cost of Total Parenteral Nutrition Services at the Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {39-44}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {39}, abstract = {

Objectives: The estimation of cost of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is a part of the pharmacoeconomic program at the Ministry of Health (MOH), Saudi Arabia. In this study, we explored the cost analysis of TPN services by using American Model with local cost. Methods: Simulation was performed for all 6 months of TPN services for neonate, pediatric and adult patients. King Salman Hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia was chosen as the study site; it has 300 beds. The physician or the pharmacist prescribed TPN to their patients. The pharmacist reviews and prepares TPN. The nurse administers TPN and follows up with the doctor or the pharmacist. TPN was prepared through sterile 797 standards and automated compounding facilities. The costing was derived from MOH information database. The cost was calculated based on the variable expenses including personal cost, material cost and supply cost. Fixed costs included direct cost, non-salary cost and overhead cost. All costs were estimated in US dollar currency and local prices. Results: A total number of 112 patients were prescribed with (1631) TPN orders; the total volume of TPN was 619,161.90 mL. Of these, 103 (91.96\%), 6 (5.36\%) and 3 (2.68\%) were prescribed for neonatal, adult and pediatric patients, respectively. Of those with TPN orders, 1484 (90.99\%), 108 (6.62\%) and 39 (2.39\%) were prescribed for neonatal, adult and pediatric patients, respectively. The total average number of orders per day was 4.47. Of those, 4.07, 0.3 and 0.11 was for neonatal, adult and pediatric patients, respectively. The average duration of TPN for adults, neonatal and pediatric patients was 18, 14.4 and 13 days, respectively. The total average direct cost for active ingredient in the TPN was 61.81 USD. Of those, 38.54 USD (62.35\%), 16.63 USD (26.91\%) and 6.64 USD (10.74\%) was for pediatric, adult and neonatal patients. The estimated cost of TPN services for neonatal, adult and pediatric patients was 863.74 USD, 691.3 USD and 618.16 USD per day, respectively. The total annual and daily estimated expenditures of TPN orders were 629,865.02 USD and 212.22 USD; 44,795.24 USD and 207.39 USD; and 5,303.77 USD and 68.00 USD respectively for neonatal, adult and pediatric patients. The total annual and daily estimated cost were 314,764.70 USD and 3,055.97 USD; 22,398.12 USD and 3,733.02 USD; and 2,652.00 USD and 884.00 USD respectively for neonatal, adult and pediatric patients. Conclusion: In this study, we performed cost-estimation of the TPN in Saudi Arabia. This is the first study at MOH in Saudi Arabia. It is an essential basic element of pharmacoeconomic program and cost analysis of TPN-related healthcare services.

}, keywords = {Cost, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia, Total Parenteral Nutrition}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.8}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Aisha Omar Fallatah and Amjad Ahmad AL qahtani and Nesreen Al-Shubbar and Maha F Al-Yahya and Estiqlal Hussain Al-Smail} } @article {227, title = {Forecasting (2018-2030) and the Demand of Clinical Pharmacy Technician Workforce at Over Twelve Years (2006-2017) in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {186-189}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {186}, abstract = {

Background: The workforce of clinical pharmacy technician is one the elements of pharmacy strategic plan in Saudi Arabia. Objectives: The purpose of this study is to explore the demand clinical pharmacy technician{\textquoteright}s workforce at Ministry of Health (MOH) hospitals and primary health care centers over the past twelve years (2006- 2017) and forecasting during the years (2018-2030) in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a retrospective analysis of twelve years (2006-2017) of MOH hospitals, Primary Health Care Center (PHCs) of the pharmacy technician{\textquoteright}s workforce and forecasting for future years (2018-2030). All data were derived from the Ministry of Health statistical year books and any missing appropriate information about pharmacy technician{\textquoteright}s workforce that will be estimated through allied healthcare professional{\textquoteright}s data in each region including gender. It included all types of pharmacy technicians included in the study while excluded all pharmacists or clinical pharmacist{\textquoteright}s workforce at MOH intuitions. All calculations were based on MOH workforce standards of hospitals or PHCs updated literatures. All calculation was done using Microsoft Excel version ten. Results: The total average of hospitals was 253.92 in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The total average demand of clinical pharmacy technician at MOH hospitals will be (4,579.08) over twelve years (2006-2017) with a range (2,899 to 6,619). The total average demand of clinical pharmacy technician at primary healthcare centers will be (1,303) over twelve years (2006-2017) with a range (891 to 1,623). The total average demand of clinical pharmacy technician at hospital forecasting will be (10,271.34) over thirteen years (2008-2030) with a range (8,797.44 to 11,887.11). The total average demand of clinical pharmacy technician at primary healthcare centers forecasting will be (14,270.87) over thirteen years (2018-2030) with a range (12,223.05 to 16,515.79). Conclusion: The Ministry of Health hospitals and primary care centers sectors will be with the highest demand for clinical pharmacy technician in the future. The ratio of pharmacist to clinical pharmacy technician needs to be standardized at hospitals and primary healthcare services. Further, the analysis of the clinical pharmacy technician workforce is required in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Clinical Pharmacy technician, Demand, Forecasting, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia, Workforces}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.31}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Saeed Jamaan Alghamdi and Radi Abdullah Alattyh} } @article {225, title = {Forecasting (2018-2030) and the Demand of Hospital Pharmacy Technician Workforce at Over Twelve Years (2006-2017) in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {178-181}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {178}, abstract = {

Objectives: The workforce of hospital pharmacy technician is one the elements of pharmacy strategic plan in Saudi Arabia.: The purpose of this study is to explore the demand workforce of pharmacy technician at MOH hospitals over the past twelve years (2006-2017) and forecasting during (2018-2030) in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a retrospective analysis of twelve years (2006-2017) of Ministry of Health pharmacy technician workforce demand and forecasting in the future (2018- 2030) at MOH organization practice. All data were derived from the Ministry of Health Statistical Year Books and any missing appropriate information about pharmacy technician workforce that will be estimated through allied healthcare professional{\textquoteright}s data in each region including gender or nationality. It included pharmacy technician and exclude all types of pharmacists or clinical pharmacist{\textquoteright}s workforce at MOH hospital setting. All calculations were based on MOH workforce standards of hospital with update literatures. All calculation was done used Microsoft Excel version ten. Results: The number of pharmacy technician demand based on optimum pharmacy and pharmacist. The pharmacy technician ratio (1:4) demand was (21,212.6-26,091) with an average (22,934.68). While with a ratio of (1:2) the number of pharmacy technician demand was (7,410-8,859) with an average (8,320.55). The number of pharmacy technician forecasting of a ratio (1:3) was (14,300-17,475) with an average (15,627.62). The forecasting number of pharmacy technician in the future within years (2018-2030) over thirteen years based on optimum pharmacy and pharmacist. The pharmacy technician ratio (1:4) forecast was (33,898.6-45,803) with an average (39,577.00). While with a ratio of (1:2) the number of the forecasting pharmacy technician was (16,303-22,028) with an average (19,034.31). The number of pharmacy technician forecasting of ratio (1:3) was (25,100 - 33,916) with an average (29,305.54). Conclusion: The demand of pharmacy technicians and forecasting in the future were determined. The ratio of pharmacist to pharmacy technician in the hospital practice should be standardized. An annual study on hospital pharmacy technician workforce is recommended in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Demand, Forecasting, Hospital, Ministry of Health, Pharmacy technician, Saudi Arabia, Workforces}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.29}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Saeed Jamaan Alghamdi and Radi Abdullah Alattyh} } @article {41, title = {Healthcare Professional{\textquoteright}s Perception and Attitude toward Pharmacist during Pharmacy Visit in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {21-25}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {21}, abstract = {

Purpose: To explore the healthcare professional{\textquoteright}s perception and attitude toward pharmacist during pharmacy visit in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a 4-month cross-sectional survey of the healthcare professional{\textquoteright}s perception toward pharmacist. The survey consisted of two parts: the first part collects demographic information and the second part has 49 questions divided into four domains: (1) the first domain captures information regarding healthcare professionals{\textquoteright} general perception of the pharmacist; (2) the second domain is regarding healthcare professionals{\textquoteright} perception of pharmaceutical care services; (3) the third domain is about healthcare professionals{\textquoteright} perception of visiting ambulatory care pharmacy; and (4) the fourth domain is regarding healthcare professionals perception of pharmacist{\textquoteright}s relationship and counseling skills. All type of healthcare professionals included in the study. We used the 5-point Likert response scale system to obtain responses of the participants. There were open- and close-ended questions. The survey was distributed through social media, namely, WhatsApp to more than one thousand healthcare professionals throughout the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The survey was distributed in an electronic format and this study analyzes and presents data regarding domain three, that is, healthcare professionals{\textquoteright} perception of visiting ambulatory care pharmacy through the Survey Monkey system. Results: A total of 170 healthcare professionals responded to the survey. Of them, 150 (93.8\%) were Saudi and 10 (6.25\%) were non-Saudi professionals. There were 129 (75.9\%) female and 41 (24.1\%) male responders. Most of the healthcare providers were pharmacists (81 (47.65\%)), others (33 (19.41\%)), nurses (27 (15.88\%)) and physician (23 (13.53\%)). Most of the healthcare professional visited the pharmacy in the past 12 months (53 (31.36\%)) for more than 10 times, whereas the others 40 (23.67\%) visited at least 5{\textendash}9 times. Most of the patients (143 (87.2\%)) spent less than 16 min waiting for the medication from the pharmacy. The average score of healthcare professional{\textquoteright}s general perception toward a pharmacist during pharmacy visit was 3.51. The statement {\textquotedblleft}received all medications prescribed to me{\textquotedblright} received the highest score (4.05), whereas the statement {\textquotedblleft}pharmacy{\textquoteright}s waiting area is located at the convenient place{\textquotedblright} received the lowest score (3.07). The average score of healthcare professional{\textquoteright}s perception toward a drug monitoring pharmacist during the pharmacy visit was 2.58. The statement with the highest score was {\textquotedblleft}the patient revived a copy of prescription contained medications{\textquotedblright} (2.99), whereas the statement with the lowest score was {\textquotedblleft}the pharmacist gives follow-up call to the patient as prescribed{\textquotedblright} (1.86). The score for general evaluation of pharmacy visit was (3.31) with preference to visit the pharmacy or recommend it to patient{\textquoteright}s bothers or friends was (3.26). Conclusion: The healthcare professional{\textquoteright}s perception of a pharmacist during the pharmacy visit was good. Pharmacy{\textquoteright}s waiting area, medications reconciliation and adherences missed. Improving of healthcare providers{\textquoteright} needs will augment healthcare professional{\textquoteright}s perceptions and raise healthcare provider{\textquoteright}s satisfaction during pharmacy visit.

}, keywords = {Attitude, Healthcare professional, Ministry of Health, Perception, Pharmacist, Saudi Arabia, Visit}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.5}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Sarah Abdullah Al-Hathlool and Maryam Ibrahim Almulhim and Amal Ali Alashaq and Yousef Aboshalaf and Mytham Al-Ethan} } @article {223, title = {Hospital Pharmacy Technician Workforce over 12 Years (2006-2017) in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {163-170}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {163}, abstract = {

Objective: To explore the workforce of pharmacy technician at Ministry of Health (MOH) hospitals over the past 12 years (2006{\textendash}2017) in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a retrospective analysis of 12 years (2006{\textendash}2017) of MOH pharmacy technician workforce at hospital practice. All data were derived from MOH{\textquoteright}s Statistical Year Books and any missing appropriate information of pharmacy technician workforce was estimated through allied healthcare professional{\textquoteright}s data at each region including gender or nationality. It included pharmacy technician and excluded all types of pharmacists or clinical pharmacist{\textquoteright}s workforces at MOH hospital setting. All calculations were based on MOH workforce standards of hospitals. All calculations were performed using Microsoft Excel version 10. Results: A total of 8373 pharmacy technicians were employed with 6620 (79.06 \%) and 1623 (19.38\%) pharmacy technicians employed at various hospitals and primary healthcare centers, respectively; while in the medical administration sectors was 130 (1.55 \%). The total number of pharmacy technicians were 4578 (range: 2899{\textendash}6620). The average number of pharmacy technicians working per bed per region of the hospital was 0.25 (range: 0.08{\textendash}1.66). The average number of pharmacy technicians per pharmacist per region was 3.04 (range: 2.00{\textendash}5.57) annually. The average number of male pharmacy technicians was 195 (85.15\%) (range: 114{\textendash}285), whereas the number of female technicians was 34 (14.84\%) (range: 21{\textendash}46). An estimated average number of 211 (92.14\%) were Saudi nationals per region (range: 104{\textendash}319), whereas an average of 18 (7.86\%) were non-Saudi individuals (range: 10{\textendash}41). Conclusion: There are more number of pharmacy technicians working at MOH hospitals. The majority of them were Saudi nationals and there were more males than that of female technicians. The ratio of pharmacist to technician was acceptable. The annual assessment of pharmacy technician workforce in the MOH healthcare institutions is required in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Hospital, Ministry of Health, Pharmacy technician, Saudi Arabia, Workforce}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.27}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Saeed Jamaan Alghamdi and Radi Abdullah Alattyh} } @article {221, title = {National Medication Utilization Evaluation Program in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {156-157}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {156}, abstract = {

The national Medication Utilization Evaluation Program at the Ministry of health in Saudi Arabia with complimentary of physician order techniques is new system founded in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The programming part of pharmacy strategic planning and national pharmacy practice at health care services at the Ministry of health. The Medication Utilization Evaluation program started with evidence-based medicine guidelines. The new project of Medication Utilization Evaluation physician order was one the outcome of the program. The program steps development through central committee by Pharmacy department at the most prominent hospital crossover regions in Saudi Arabia. The project is complementary of pharmaceutical concept and alerting system of misuse of medications and subsequences medication-related problems and avoids the unnecessary economic burden on the healthcare system. The new national Medication Utilization Evaluation project is new in Saudi Arabia, Gulf, and Middle East counties.

}, keywords = {Evaluation, Medication, Ministry of Health, Ministry of health in Saudi Arabia, Saudi Arabia, Utilization}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.25}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi} } @article {66, title = {National Pharmacists On-the-Job Training program at the Ministry of Health in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {June 2019}, pages = {94-98}, type = {Review Article }, chapter = {94}, abstract = {

Objective: To explore the pharmacists on the job training at the Ministry of Health hospitals in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a descriptive analysis of pharmacists on the job training at the Ministry of Health hospitals. It was within the pharmacy strategic plan 2012-2020. The study used the changed pharmacy business model system and Project Management Procedure. Results: The pharmacists on job training system reputable with a defined vision, mission and goals. The system had some properties including human or economic and other defined in the review. The continuation of the system guaranteed by risk management model explanation. Also, the monitoring and controlling of the system as exemplified. The convention to operation project though closing project stage established in the examination. Conclusion: The pharmacists on job training system well-known within the healthcare system and pharmacy regulations. The pharmacists on the job training system are regularly refining consequently at all Ministry of Health hospitals in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Job, Ministry of Health, Pharmacists, Saudi Arabia, Training}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.16}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Saeed Jamaan Alghamdi and Radi Abdullah Alatty2} } @article {46, title = {National Pharmacy Inventory Management System at the Ministry of Health Institutions in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {02-10}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {02}, abstract = {

The National Pharmacy Inventory Management system is a new initiative program at the Ministry of Health hospital in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The system designed by expert pharmacists and clinical pharmacist from different region cross Saudi Arabia. The system drove from national and International regulation and guidelines of pharmaceutical societies around the world. The system was starting from procurement phase through storage, dispensing and storage system at the logistic warehouse of the Ministry of Health. The system guides the end user how to request medications by group tender or direct purchase, medications inventory management, and close follow up procedures. The system had a vision, mission, and goals. The review discussed the full detail policy and procedures of the pharmacy inventory system. The topic addressed the risk management of the program, and key performance indicators to measure the impact of the program. The new initiative system was the first project at Ministry of Health hospital implemented to improve management availability and prevent over or under the stock of medications and subsequently the avoidance of additional economic burden on health care system at Ministry of Health in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Inventory, Management, Ministry of Health, Pharmacy, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.2}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Saeed Jamaan Alghamdi and Radi Abdullah Alattyh} } @article {236, title = {National Survey of Pharmacy and Therapeutic Committee in Saudi Arabia: Meetings, Organization, and Management}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {December 2019}, pages = {237-241}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {237}, abstract = {

Objective: Pharmacy and Therapeutic Committee (PTC) is required for the effective running of a hospital. In the beginning, there was no such concept of drug committee, but with the advent of time, the need for an effective PTC started increasing. In the PTC, the pharmacist, physicians and nurses play an important role, in addition to the presence of an administrative. This study aims to explore the importance of having effective meetings organization and management of PTC at Ministry of Health (MOH) hospitals in Saudi Arabia. The purpose of this study was to explore the meetings organization and management of PTC at MOH hospitals in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a 4-month cross-sectional national survey of PTC at MOH hospitals in Saudi Arabia. The survey consisted of two parts: the first part collected demographic information and the second part consisted of 93 questions divided into four domains: Domain 1: the scope, structure and responsibilities; domain 2: the formulary management system; domain 3: evaluation of drug formulary and decision-making; and domain 4: organization and management of committee meetings. This questionnaire was prepared in an electronic format and was distributed all drug information centers at MOH hospitals. It analyzed organization and management of committee meetings through Survey Monkey system. Results: A total of 50 drug information centers responded to the questionnaire (100\% response rate). The person leads the discussion in PTC was a Chairman of the Committee (29 (58\%)), Chief of Pharmacy (13 (26\%)) and Director of Drug Information (3 (6\%)). The number of scheduled meetings per year (1{\textendash}4) was 18 (36\%) per hospital with a duration (1-2 hrs) at 48 (96\%). Most of discussions were related to medications of infectious diseases (26 (52\%)) and cardiovascular diseases (21 (42\%)). Most of the challenging recommendations that needed implementation was a lack of resources (37 (74\%)), lack of hospital administrator support (23 (46\%)) and lack of pharmacist role (18 (36\%)). Conclusion: The PTC is a demanding scientific resource and administrative support. Total quality management system, workload analysis, positive outcomes of PTC were lacking. Special education and training needs to be provided to all the healthcare providers with hospital administrator{\textquoteright}s support.

}, keywords = {Meetings, Ministry of Health, National Pharmacy and Therapeutic Committee, Organization and Management, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.52}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Sultan Mohammed Al-Jarallah and Rasha Abdelsalam Elshenawy and Faiz A Bahadig Rph} } @article {237, title = {National Survey of Pharmacy and Therapeutic Committee in Saudi Arabia: Formulary Management System}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {December 2019}, pages = {227-231}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {227}, abstract = {

Objective: Formulary management is an integrated patient care process which enables physicians, pharmacists and other healthcare professionals to work together to promote clinically sound cost-effective medication therapy and positive therapeutic outcomes. Effective use of healthcare resources can minimize overall medical costs, improve patient access to more affordable care and provide an improved quality of life. A formulary not only includes a list of medications and medication-associated products but also includes medication-use policies, important ancillary drug information, decision support tools and organizational guidelines. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to provide the guiding principles for the Formulary Management System at Ministry of Health (MOH) hospitals in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a 4-month cross-sectional national survey of Pharmacy and Therapeutic Committee at MOH hospitals in Saudi Arabia. The survey consisted of two parts: the first part collected demographic information and the second part contained 93 questions divided into four domains. The scope, structure and responsibilities, the formulary management system, the evaluation of drug formulary and decision-making and the committee meetings organization and management. The electronic survey was distributed to 50 drug information centers at MOH hospitals. It analyzed the formulary management system at MOH hospitals in Saudi Arabia through Survey Monkey system. Results: A total of 50 drug information centers responded to our questionnaire. The statement with highest score was related to the committee formulary system of medications usage through ensuring the safety of prescribing, distribution, administration and monitoring of medications (3.8); the process for managing drug product shortages (3.76); and the medications are requested for the addition or deletion from the drug formulary (3.68). Most of the hospitals had an open drug formulary (30 (60\%)), with remaining responders having closed drug formulary (20 (40\%)) with the total number of medications in the drug formulary (300{\textendash}899) at 32 (64\%) of the responded hospitals. The average score of type of method related to drug usage evaluation statements was 3.36, with the statement with high average score was review of medication error report (3.94) and review of medication sentinel incident reports (3.48), whereas the statement with lowest score was an investigational drug therapy approved (2.88). Conclusion: Two-thirds of the hospitals had open drug formulary. Drug utilization evaluation system should review for the majority of the hospital. update the formulary management system required with close monitoring for all MOH hospitals in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Formulary Management System, Ministry of Health, National Pharmacy and Therapeutic Committee, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.50}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Sultan Mohammed Al-Jarallah and Rasha Abdelsalam Elshenawy and Faiz A Bahadig Rph} } @article {235, title = {National Survey of Pharmacy and Therapeutic Committee in Saudi Arabia: Evaluation of Drug Formulary and Decision-Making}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {December 2019}, pages = {232-236}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {232}, abstract = {

Objective: Ministry of Health (MOH) hospitals in Saudi Arabia should develop, organize and administer a formulary system that follows the principles to optimize patient care by ensuring access to clinically appropriate, safe and cost-effective medications. This can be achieved through the Pharmacy and Therapeutic Committee{\textquoteright}s (PTC) role in the evaluation of hospital{\textquoteright}s drug formulary and decision-making. The primary purposes of the PTC are policy development, communication and education and formulary management. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to explore the hospital drug formulary evaluation and decision-making at MOH hospitals in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a 4-month cross-sectional national survey of PTC at MOH hospitals in Saudi Arabia. The survey consisted of two parts: the first part collected demographic information and the second part consisted on 93 questions divided into four domains. An electronic survey was distributed to all drug information centers at MOH hospitals and analyzed the evaluation of drug formulary and decision-making through the Survey Monkey system. Results: A total of 50 drug information centers responded to the questionnaire (100\%). Restricted drug usage (3.88), new drug entities (3.74), new dosage form (3.6) and new strength (3.6) were the majority of the requests for inclusion in the formulary. A total of 1-3 medications were evaluated monthly by the PTC at 41 (82\%) hospitals. Most of the healthcare providers were allowed to request for the addition or deletion of medications: PTC members 38 (76\%), attending medical staff 35 (70\%), pharmacy staff 10 (20\%) and formulary subcommittees 10 (20\%). The formal economic analysis of the drug formulary revision was rarely or never conducted at 26 (42\%) hospitals. The responsible person for the economic evaluation was drug information pharmacist (21 (42\%)), pharmacy department (nonspecific) (17 (34\%)) and the pharmacy and medical department (14 (28\%)). Conclusion: Evaluation of hospital{\textquoteright}s drug formulary and decision-making was not adequate at the majority of the hospitals. Education and training about drug evaluation with an emphasis on cost analysis and impact are mandatory. An electronic addition new medications with close formulary is required with close monitoring for all MOH hospitals in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Decision-Making, Drug Formulary, Evaluation, Ministry of Health, National Pharmacy and Therapeutic Committee, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.51}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Sultan Mohammed Al-Jarallah and Rasha Abdelsalam Elshenawy and Faiz A Bahadig Rph} } @article {215, title = {National Survey of Pharmacy and Therapeutic Committees in Saudi Arabia: Scope, Structure and Responsibilities}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {December 2019}, pages = {222-226}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {222}, abstract = {

Objectives: The Pharmacy and Therapeutics (PTC) committee, sometimes aptly named the Formulary Committee. PTC is charged with determining the hospital formulary, decisions are made about the inclusion or exclusion of new pharmacotherapeutic and diagnostic agents for inpatients and outpatients. This committee is typically composed of a multidisciplinary team of pharmacy, physician, nursing and hospital clinical and administrative leadership. The aim of the study was to explore the Therapeutic Committee at MOH hospitals in Saudi Arabia: scope, structure and responsibilities. Methods: It is a 4-month cross-sectional survey of National Survey of Pharmacy and Therapeutic Committee at MOH hospitals in Saudi Arabia. The survey consisted of 93 questions divided in two parts: the first part collects the demographic information, the second part contains questions on 4 domains: (1) scope, structure and responsibilities, that is including questions about the pharmacy and therapeutic committee membership, clear mission, vision and values of the pharmacy and therapeutic committee, the responsibilities of the PTC committee and the Sub-committees of Pharmacy and Therapeutic Committee, (2) formulary management system, (3) evaluation of drug formulary and decision-making, (4) committee meetings organization and management. The survey was distributed to the fifty-drug information centers at Ministry of Health hospitals. The survey was in an electronic format with analyzed scope, structure and responsibilities through the survey monkey system. Results: The total number responders were fifty drug information centers. Of those, 48 (96\%) was Saudi and 2 (4\%) was non-Saudi. There were 16 (32\%) females and 34 (68\%) were males. Most of the PTC committee members consisted of a chief of pharmacy department 45 (90\%), medical director 41 (82\%), physician medical 40 (80\%) and head of drug information center 32 (64\%). The highest score statements related to committee were the functions of PTC (3.78), objectives (3.61), mission (3.57), with least one was a vision (3.56) and values (3.5). The most responsibility scoring statement was distributed the addition and deletion (4.08), all the departments receive the copy of the revised formulary (4.04), drug evaluation and selection for the hospital was (3.9), drug policy development was (3.9), while the lowest scores were Holds educational programs within the hospital (3.25) and drug monitoring system was (3.57). Most of the subcommittee existed antibiotic committee 38 (76\%), medication safety committee 38 (76\%), followed by drug utilization committee 9 (18\%) and therapeutic guidelines committee 9 (18\%). Conclusion: One-third of hospital missed drug information center pharmacist as the member of PTC committee and the pharmacy qualifications of committee members need to improve. Update the committee system and close monitoring required for all MOH hospitals in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Ministry of Health, National, Responsibilities, Saudi Arabia, Scope, Structure}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.49}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Sultan Mohammed Al-Jarallah and Rasha Abdelsalam Elshenawy and Faiz A Bahadig Rph} } @article {61, title = {National Survey of the Pharmacokinetics Services at the Ministry of Health Hospitals in Saudi Arabia: Drug Therapy Monitoring and Healthcare Professional Education}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {June 2019}, pages = {99-104}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {99}, abstract = {

Objectives: A clinical pharmacist offers vital support in the expansion of a final prescription with improved patient management and enhanced safety. The aim of the current study to explore the Pharmacokinetics services at Ministry of Health (MOH) hospitals in Saudi Arabia with an emphasis on drug therapy monitoring and patient{\textquoteright}s education. Methods: This is a 2-months cross-sectional national survey related to the Pharmacokinetics services with a focus on drug therapy monitoring and education of pharmacist at MOH hospitals in Saudi Arabia. The study consisted of two parts; the first part captures demographic information and the second part contained 43 questions designed by the authors. It was derived from American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP) guidelines and from the literature. We used the 5-point Likert response scale system to obtain responses of the participants; there were close-ended questions. The electronic questionnaire was distributed to all the coordinators of the clinical pharmacy services or to the drug information centers at MOH hospitals. All analysis was done through survey monkey system. Results: A total of 43 hospital pharmacies returned the survey, for a response rate of 86\%. The most clinical pharmacokinetics services documented were drug quality reporting 34 (87.18\%), drug information inquiries 35 (83.33\%), adverse drug reaction 35 (81.40\%) and medication error 35 (81.40\%). Highest clinical impact and cost avoidance of clinical Pharmacokinetics services were drug information inquiries 25 (60.98\%), the drug quality reporting system 21 (53.85\%) and pharmacist intervention 21 (52.5\%). Analysis of monthly workload for clinical Pharmacokinetics services were a number of drug information inquiries 28 (70\%) and the number of prescriptions needs 25 (64.1\%). The clinical Pharmacokinetics services education and training for pharmacists were found at average 7.8 (20.89\%) hospitals with high percentages type of educations was short education course 1-5 days [15 (39.47\%)] and long training course 4-5 weeks [8 (21.05\%)]. While Pharmacokinetics services education and training for healthcare provider were found at main 6 (15.66\%) hospitals only with high percentages type of educations was short education course 1-5 days [8 (20.00\%)] and Pharmacokinetics competencies 7 (18.92\%). Conclusion: Pharmacokinetics services on drug therapy monitoring was not competent at half MOH hospital, while only few of the hospitals had pharmacokinetics education and training to offer. Implementing the MOH pharmacokinetics services strategy with an emphasis on the drug therapy monitoring with education and training is required at all MOH hospitals in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Education, Healthcare, Ministry of Health, Monitoring, Pharmacokinetics Services, Saudi Arabia, Therapy}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.17}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Rasha Abdelsalam Elshenawy and Sultan Mohammed Al-Jarallah} } @article {39, title = {National Survey of the Pharmacokinetics Services at the Ministry of Health Hospitals in Saudi Arabia: Prescribing and Dispensing Medication}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {11-16}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {11}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the pharmacokinetics services at the Ministry of Health (MOH) hospitals in Saudi Arabia with an emphasis on prescribing and dispensing medication. Methods: This is a 2-month crosssectional national survey of pharmacokinetics services. The study consisted of two parts: the first part captures demographic information and the second part is a questionnaire with 43 questions divided into three domains. The questions are derived from the guidelines of the American Society of Health- System Pharmacists (ASHP) and from the literature. We used the 5-point Likert response scale system to obtain responses of the participants; there were close-ended questions. The electronic questionnaire was distributed to all the coordinators of the clinical pharmacy services or to the drug information centers at MOH hospitals, The data were collected through the Survey Monkey system. Results: A total of 43 hospital pharmacies responded to the survey; the response rate was found to be 86\%. The pharmacists and nurses had privileges of prescribing medication as per pharmacokinetics services in nearly 18 (46.15\%) and 16 (41.03\%) hospitals respectively. At 14 (37.84\%) hospitals, pharmacists have the privilege to request an estimation of patient{\textquoteright}s drug levels and at 12 (30.77\%) hospitals, they have the privilege to change drug sampling time. At 15 (38.46\%) hospitals, nurses have the privilege to request an estimation of patient{\textquoteright}s drug level and at 12 (31.58\%) hospitals, they have the privilege to change drug sampling time. The commonly prescribed medications via pharmacokinetics consultation were gentamicin (23 (71.88\%)), phenytoin (23 (71.88\%)), carbamazepine (22 (70.97\%)), sodium valproate (22 (70.97\%)) and warfarin (22 (70.97\%)). The pharmacokinetics altering system during an electronic prescription was found in 9 (26.5\%) hospital pharmacies and the pharmacist was found to participate in pharmacokinetics research in 8 (23.5\%) hospitals. Conclusion: Healthcare providers including the pharmacists and nurses have a significant role in providing pharmacokinetics services to the patients. Expanding these services with standard guidelines and the electronic prescription is required in order to prevent drug- Pharmacokinetics related problems, improve the clinical outcome of the patient and reduce the economic burden.

}, keywords = {Dispensing, Medication, Ministry of Health, Pharmacokinetics, Prescribing, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.3}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Rasha Abdelsalam Elshenawy} } @article {211, title = {Neonates and Pediatrics Electrolyte Replacement Therapy Order: New Initiative and Implementation System in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {December 2019}, pages = {211-212}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {211}, abstract = {

The national medications safety program founded in 2013 at the Ministry of Health hospitals and primary care centers in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The program focused on adults, pediatrics and neonatal populations. The program was part of the pharmacy strategic plan. The electrolyte replacement therapy preparation and administration for neonates and pediatrics published and distributed as required of the medication safety program. The new initiatives as complementary project was a standardized concentration of electrolyte replacement therapy for neonates and pediatrics implemented at specific hospitals of the Ministry of health. The new project as regular physician{\textquoteright}s order form and coveted to computerized physician order entry. The new project prevents neonates and pediatrics medication errors of electrolyte replacement therapy. The project is a new initiative at Ministry of Health hospitals in the Kingdom of Saudi, Gulf and Middle East countries.

}, keywords = {Electrolyte, Ministry of Health, Neonates, Pediatrics, Saudi Arabia, Standardized Concentration}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.47}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Fatimah Al-Doughan and Yasir Ahmed Ibrahim and Hussam Saad Almalki and Nouf Alaza and Malika Alshamari} } @article {67, title = {Patient Satisfaction of Ambulatory Care Pharmacy Services in Pediatric and Maternity Hospital in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {June 2019}, pages = {129-134}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {129}, abstract = {

Objective: The ambulatory pharmacy practice is a crucial part of the healthcare system that delivers pharmaceutical care to the patients who are not admitted to the hospital. The aim of the study to explore the patient satisfaction of ambulatory care pharmacy services in Pediatrics and Maternity Hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a 4-month cross-sectional survey of patient satisfaction of ambulatory care pharmacy services in Pediatrics and Maternity Hospital, Saudi Arabia. The survey consisted of forty-eight (48) questions divided into two parts: the first part collects demographic information and the second part contains questions on 11 domains: (1) medication availability, (2) patient counseling, (3) pharmacist and patient relationship, (4) medication reconciliation, (5) medication aberrance, (6) pharmacy location, (7) pharmacy waiting area, (8) pharmacy communications, (9) pharmacy waiting time, (10) pharmacy recommends to others, (11) overall patient satisfaction of pharmacy services. The survey was distributed to the hospitals in Riyadh city, included pediatrics and maternity hospitals ambulatory care patient. The survey was in an electronic format and it analyze the results through the Survey Monkey system. Results: A total of 237 patients responded to the survey. Out of 237 patients, 217 (91.6\%) was Saudi and 20 (8.4\%) was non-Saudi. There were 151 (63.7\%) female and 86 (36.3\%) male responders. Most of them were in age group of 18-44 years (70\%) without any significant differences in the age groups among the hospitals. The highest level of education was high school 91 (38.4\%) followed by the Bachelor{\textquoteright}s degree 93 (39.2\%) and an intermediate school 44 (18.6\%). The mean [{\textpm}standard deviation (SD)] waiting time to get the medications was 13.6{\textpm}4.75 min. The average scores of domains 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 were 3.11, 3.1, 3.61, 1.87, 1.72, 3.4, 2.77, 1.93, 3.68 and 3.56, respectively. With a total of 231 (97.4\%) responders, general evaluation of pharmacy services was found to be very good to excellent, whereas 228 (96.2\%) responders recommend the pharmacy to their family or friends and 224 (95.3\%) responders prefer to revisit pharmacy. Conclusion: More than two-thirds of the patients were pleased with ambulatory care pharmacy services at Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Medication reconciliation, medication adherence and pharmacy waiting area domains were not found to be satisfied. Improving ambulatory care pharmacy services will avert drug misadventures, avoid additional cost and surge patient satisfaction with pharmacy services.

}, keywords = {Ambulatory care, Ministry of Health, Patient, Pediatrics, Pharmacy, Riyadh, Satisfaction, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.22}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Malika Alshamari and Hawazen Abdullah Al-Kammash and Aroub Alhamidi and Walaa Aboziad and Kairat Imad Al-Hennawi and Mohanad Imad Al-Hennawi} } @article {43, title = {Patient Satisfaction of Ambulatory Care Pharmacy Services in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {32-38}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {32}, abstract = {

Purpose: To explore the patient satisfaction of ambulatory care services at Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a 4-month cross-sectional survey of patient satisfaction of ambulatory care pharmacy services at Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The survey consisted of 48 questions divided into two parts: the first part collects demographic information and the second part contains questions on 11 domains: (1) medication availability, (2) patient counseling, (3) pharmacist and patient relationship, (4) medication reconciliation, (5) medication aberrance, (6) pharmacy location, (7) pharmacy waiting area, (8) pharmacy communications, (9) pharmacy waiting time, (10) pharmacy recommends to others and (11) overall patient satisfaction of pharmacy services. The survey was distributed to the three hospitals in Riyadh city, included public, pediatrics and emergency hospitals ambulatory care patient. The survey was in an electronic format and it analyze the results through the Survey Monkey system. Results: A total of 606 patients responded to the survey. There were 338 (55.8\%) female and 268 (44.2\%) male responders. Most of them were in age group of 18{\textendash}44 years (65.3\%) without any statistically significant differences in the age groups among the three hospitals (p\<0.5). The highest level of education was high school (232 (38.4\%)) followed by the Bachelor{\textquoteright}s degree (191 (31.6\%)) and an intermediate school (117 (19.4\%)). Most of the patients visited the ambulatory care pharmacy 3 to 4 times in the past 12 months (239 (41.1\%)), whereas the others (105 (18.1\%)) visited the ambulatory care pharmacy for the first time. The mean ({\textpm}standard deviation (SD)) waiting time to get the medications was 18.36{\textpm}11.32 min and there were statistically significant differences among the three hospitals (p\<0.5). The average scores of domains 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 were 3.35, 3.2, 3.7 and 1.96, 1.8, 3.7, 3.25, 2.14, 3.61, 3.54, respectively. With a total of 381 (62.87\%) responders, general evaluation of pharmacy services was found to be very good to excellent, whereas 369 (60.9\%) responders recommend the pharmacy to their family or friends and 315 (52.5\%) responders prefer to revisit pharmacy. Conclusion: More than half of the patients were satisfied with ambulatory care pharmacy services at Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Medication reconciliation, medication adherence and pharmacy communication domains were not found to be satisfied. Improving ambulatory care pharmacy services will prevent drug misadventures, avoid additional cost and increase patient satisfaction with pharmacy services.

}, keywords = {Ambulatory care services, Ministry of Health, Patients, Riyadh, Satisfaction, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.7}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Hawazen Abdullah Al-Kammash and Aroub Alhamidi and Walaa Aboziad and Kairat Imad Al-Hennawi and M. Mohanad Imad Al-Hennawi and Malika Alshamari and Nahedh Rashed Alotaibi and Nesreen Al-Shubbar} } @article {42, title = {Patient{\textquoteright}s Perception of a Pharmacist{\textquoteright}s Relationship and Counseling Skills in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {26-31}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {26}, abstract = {

Purpose: To explore the patient{\textquoteright}s perception of a pharmacist{\textquoteright}s relationship and counseling skills in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a 4-month cross-sectional survey of the patient{\textquoteright}s perception of the pharmacist. The survey consisted of two part: the first part gathers demographic information and the second part contains 49 questions divided into four domains: (1) the first domain captures data regarding the patient{\textquoteright}s general perception about the pharmacist; (2) the second domain captures data regarding the patient{\textquoteright}s perception of pharmaceutical services; (3) the third domain was regarding the patient{\textquoteright}s perception of visiting ambulatory care; and (4) the fourth domain captures the data regarding the patient{\textquoteright}s perception of pharmacist{\textquoteright}s relationship and counseling skills. We used the 5-point Likert response scale system to obtain responses of the participants. There were open- and close-ended questions. The survey was distributed through social media at a 500-bed general hospital in Alhassa region, at an ambulatory care pharmacy. The authors interviewed the patients with an electronic survey documentation. The survey was distributed in an electronic format. In this study, we analyzed domain four, that is, about the patient{\textquoteright}s perception of pharmacist{\textquoteright}s relationship and counseling skills through Survey Monkey system. Results: A total of 617 patients responded to the survey. Of them, 536 (87.7\%) were Saudi and 75 (12.3\%) were non-Saudi nationals. There were 457 (74.1\%) female and 160 (25.9\%) male responders. Most of the patients (222 (36\%)) visited the pharmacy more than 10 times in the past 12 months, whereas the others (122 (19.8\%)) visited the pharmacy at least 5{\textendash}9 times. Most of the patients (481 (83.5\%)) spent less than 11 min with the pharmacist. The average score of patient perception of a pharmacist with communication and relationship skills was 3.66. The following statements received highest scores: {\textquotedblleft}the pharmacist politely delivers the medication{\textquotedblright} (4.09) and {\textquotedblleft}the pharmacist answers the questions in an excellent way{\textquotedblright} (3.87). The statement with lowest score was {\textquotedblleft}communication with pharmacy by phone at any time{\textquotedblright} (3.04) (Table 2). The average score of patient{\textquoteright}s perceptions of pharmacists with medications counseling skills was 3.6. The statement with highest score was {\textquotedblleft}all the medications received were packed{\textquotedblright} (4.35) and {\textquotedblleft}the patient understands what the pharmacist was saying{\textquotedblright} (4.1). The statement with lowest score was {\textquotedblleft}the pharmacist provides you information about the proper storage of your medication{\textquotedblright} (3.04) and {\textquotedblleft}the pharmacist explains all the possible side effects{\textquotedblright} (3.12). The statements with highest scores of patient relationship with drug information centers were {\textquotedblleft}the pharmacist answers patient{\textquoteright}s question through drug information center{\textquoteright}s hospital over 24/7{\textquotedblright} (3.44) and {\textquotedblleft}poisonous cases first contact the national drug information center or any hospital drug information center any time through MOH hotline 937 over 24/7{\textquotedblright} (3.37). Conclusion: Patient{\textquoteright}s perception toward pharmacist{\textquoteright}s communication and counseling skills need to improve with an emphasis on patient{\textquoteright}s privacy, contacting facilities and instructions to drug-related problems. Improvement of patient demand will raise patient{\textquoteright}s perceptions and avoid the unnecessary additional cost.

}, keywords = {Counselling, Ministry of Health, Perception, Pharmacist, Relationship, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.6}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Sarah Abdullah Al-Hathlool and Maryam Ibrahim Almulhim and Yousef Aboshalaf and Mytham Al-Ethan} } @article {230, title = {Patient{\textquoteright}s Satisfaction of Pharmacy Ambulatory Cares at the Emergency Hospital in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {199-203}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {199}, abstract = {

Purpose: To explore the patient satisfaction of pharmacy ambulatory care services at the Emergency Hospital in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a 4-month cross-sectional survey of patients{\textquoteright} satisfaction of ambulatory care pharmacy services at the Emergency Hospital, Saudi Arabia. The survey consisted of 48 questions divided into two parts: the first part collects demographic information and the second part contains questions on 11 domains: (1) medication availability (2) patient counseling (3) pharmacist and patient relationship (4) medication reconciliation (5) medication aberrance (6) pharmacy location (7) pharmacy-waiting area (8) pharmacy communications (9) pharmacy-waiting time (10) pharmacy recommends to others (11) overall patient satisfaction of pharmacy services. The survey was distributed to the Emergency Hospital in Riyadh city, included public, pediatrics and emergency hospitals ambulatory care patient. The study was in an electronic format and it analyze through the survey monkey system. Results: A total of 202 patients responded to the survey. Of those, 144 (71.6\%) was Saudi and 57 (28.4\%) was non-Saudi. The gender distribution 105 (52\%) were females and 97 (48\%) were males. The majority of them were in age group of 18-44 years (62\%), while more than 44 years old was 68 (33.7\%). The highest level of education was high school 81 (40.3\%) followed by the Bachelor{\textquoteright}s degree 51 (25.4\%) and an intermediate school 44 (21.9\%). The mean [{\textpm}standard deviation (SD)] waiting time to get the medications was 19.36{\textpm}11.02 (minute). The average scores of domains medication availability was 3.71, patient counseling was 3.48, pharmacist and patient relationship were 4.1 and medication reconciliation was 1.99. The medication adherence was 1.88, pharmacy location was 4.13, the pharmacy-waiting area was 3.31, pharmacy communications was 2.18, pharmacy-waiting time was 3.74 and pharmacy recommends to others was 3.69. The General evaluation of pharmacy services was found to be very good to excellent with 155 (76.7\%) of responders, while 186 (92.1\%) responders recommend the pharmacy to their family or friends and 176 (88.44\%) responders prefer to revisit pharmacy. Conclusion: More than half of the patients were satisfied with ambulatory care pharmacy services at Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Medication reconciliation, medication adherence and pharmacy communication domains were not found to be satisfied. Refining ambulatory care pharmacy services will avoid drug misadventures, avoid extra cost and surge patient satisfaction with pharmacy services.

}, keywords = {Ambulatory care, Emergency, Ministry of Health, Patient, Pharmacy, Satisfaction, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijphs.2019.8.34}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Nahith Alotaibi and Hawazen Abdullah Al-Kammash and Aroub Alhamidi and Walaa Aboziad and Kairat Imad Al-Hennawi and Mohanad Imad Al-Hennawi} } @article {222, title = {Pharmacy Technician Workforce in Saudi Arabia over Twelve Years (2006-2017)}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {158-162}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {158}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the workforce of pharmacy technician at Ministry of Health (MOH) institutions over the past twelve years (2006-2017) in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a retrospective analysis of twelve years (2006-2017) of Ministry of Health pharmacy technician workforce at hospital practice. All data derived from the Ministry of Health Statistical Year Books and any missing appropriate information about pharmacy technician workforce, that{\textquoteright}s will be estimated through allied healthcare professional{\textquoteright}s data in each region including gender or nationality. It included pharmacy technician and exclude all types of pharmacists or clinical pharmacist{\textquoteright}s workforces at MOH hospital and Primary Health Care Centers (PHCs) settings. All calculations were based on MOH workforce standards of hospitals and PHCs. All calculation was done using Microsoft Excel version ten. Results: The total number of pharmacy technician in all sectors, hospitals, primary healthcare centers and medical affairs administration increased from 4,289 to 8,373 over twelve years to 1.96-fold increments (2006- 2017). The number of Saudi pharmacy technician increased from 3,064 to 8,061 to 2.63-fold increments while non-Saudi pharmacy technician decreased from 1,225 to 312 to 3.92-fold reductions. The rate of pharmacy technician to pharmacist decreased from 6.7 to 2.2 to 3.05-fold ratio reductions while the pharmacy technician per 10,000 population increased from 2.67 to 4.29 to 1.61-fold incremental ratio over the past twelve years. Conclusion: The pharmacy technician worked at the Ministry of Health institutions increased over the past twelve years. The Saudi pharmacy technician was increased with reduction of non-Saudi nationality. The male gender more than female. The ratio of pharmacy technician to pharmacist was reduced by time. The pharmacy technician workforces needed to explore at all healthcare institutions in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Centers, Health, Hospital, Ministry of Health, Pharmacy technician, Saudi Arabia, Workforce}, doi = {10.5530/ijphs.2019.8.26}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Saeed Jamaan Alghamdi and Radi Abdullah Alattyh} } @article {233, title = {The Physician Order for Standardized Concentration of Adult{\textquoteright}s Electrolyte Replacement Therapy: New Initiative in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {December 2019}, pages = {208-210}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {208}, abstract = {

The electrolyte replacement therapy consternation considered one of the high alert drugs. Most of the medication safety organizations have established preventive guidelines for the prescription of electrolyte therapy. The General Administration of Pharmaceutical Care at the Ministry of Health in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia also has established guidelines for the preparation and administration of electrolyte replacement for adult patients. This new initiative is regarding the standardized concentration of electrolyte preparation and administration for adult patients. The electrolyte therapy may be prescribed via a physician order form, which may be easily converted as computerized physician order entry. This from is designed to prevent all electrolyte-related errors and improve patient outcomes. This project is a new tool implemented for electrolyte safety at the Ministry of Health hospitals in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Adult, Electrolyte, Ministry of Health, Physician order, Saudi Arabia, Standardized Concentration}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.46}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Manal Mansour Al Nemari and Fatimah Al-Doughan and Yasir Ahmed Ibrahim and Hussam Saad Almalki and Nahedh Rashed Alotaibi and Mona Mustafa Jadkarim} } @article {224, title = {Primary Healthcare Centers Pharmacy Technician Workforce over Twelve Years (2006-2017) in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {171-177}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {171}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the workforce of pharmacy technician at MOH Primary Healthcare Centers over the past twelve years (2006-2017) in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a retrospective analysis of twelve years (2006-2017) of Ministry of Health pharmacy technician workforce at Primary Healthcare Centers (PHCs) practice. All data derived from Ministry of Health Statistical Year Books and any missing appropriate information about pharmacy technician workforce, that{\textquoteright}s will be estimated through allied healthcare professional{\textquoteright}s data at each region including gender or nationality. It included pharmacy technician and exclude all types of pharmacists or clinical pharmacist{\textquoteright}s workforces at MOH PHCs setting. All calculations were based on MOH workforce standards of Primary Healthcare Centers. All calculation was done using Microsoft Excel version ten. Results: The total numbers of pharmacy Technician were 8.373 and who distributed at the hospital were 6,620 (79.06\%), at primary care centers 1,623(19.38 \%) while administration regions 130 (1.55\%). The total number of pharmacy technician was (1,623) with rage (891-1,623 and average (1,292). While the average numbers per region of PHCs pharmacy technician were (65) with a range number of (32-84). The average numbers of pharmacy technician per pharmacist per region (9.11) with a range number of (0.83-14.83) annually. The estimated average rage gender distribution of PHCs pharmacy Technician per region were male (31-72) with average 56 (86.15\%), while the female was (6-12) and average 9 (13.84\%). The estimated average rage nationality distribution of PHCs pharmacy Technician per region was Saudi (30-80) with average 61 (93.84\%), while the non-Saudi was (1-13) and average 4 (6.16\%). Conclusion: One fifth of the pharmacy technician worked at the Ministry of Health PHCs. The majority of pharmacy technician was Saudi and the male gender. The ratio of pharmacy technician was very high related shortage of pharmacists. The analysis of pharmacy technician workforces at PHCs is highly recommended annually in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Ministry of Health, Pharmacy technician, Primary Healthcare Center, Saudi Arabia, Workforce}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.28}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Saeed Jamaan Alghamdi and Radi Abdullah Alattyh} } @article {26, title = {Healthcare Professional{\textquoteright}s Perception of Pharmacist{\textquoteright}s Relationship and Counseling Skills in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {7}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {11-16}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {11}, abstract = {

Purpose: To explore the healthcare provider{\textquoteright}s perception of pharmacist{\textquoteright}s relationship, communication, and counseling skills in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a 4-month crosssectional survey of the healthcare professional{\textquoteright}s perception of the pharmacist. The survey consisted of two parts: first part gathers demographic information and the second part contains 49 questions divided into four domains. (1) the first domain captures data regarding the healthcare provider{\textquoteright}s general perception about the pharmacist; (2) the second domain captures data regarding the healthcare professional{\textquoteright}s perception of pharmaceutical services; (3) the third domain was regarding the healthcare professional{\textquoteright}s perception of visiting ambulatory care; and (4) the fourth domain captures the data regarding the healthcare professional{\textquoteright}s perception of pharmacist{\textquoteright}s relationship and counseling skills. All healthcare professionals responded to the 5-point Likert response scale system. The survey was distributed through social media to more than 1000 healthcare professionals across the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Because the survey was in an electronic format, we were able to analyze and discuss the four domains with respect to the healthcare professional{\textquoteright}s perception of pharmacist{\textquoteright}s relationship and counseling skills through the Survey Monkey system. Results: A total of 170 healthcare providers responded to our survey. Of all the responders, 129 (75.9\%) were females and 41 (24.1\%) were males. Most of the healthcare providers were pharmacists (81 (47.65\%)), others (33 (19.41\%)), nurses (27 (15.88\%)), and physicians (23 (13.53\%)). Most of the healthcare providers (143 (87.2\%)) spent less than 16 minutes waiting for the medication from the pharmacy. The average score of the healthcare professional{\textquoteright}s perception of the pharmacist{\textquoteright}s communication and relationship skills was around (3.41). The highest score with respect to the pharmacist{\textquoteright}s and patient{\textquoteright}s relationship was obtained for the following statements: {\textquotedblleft}The pharmacist politely delivers the medication{\textquotedblright} (3.96) and {\textquotedblleft}The pharmacist answers questions in an excellent manner{\textquotedblright} (3.67). The average score of healthcare professional{\textquoteright}s perceptions of pharmacists with medication counseling skills was around (3.42). Highest scores were obtained for the following statements: {\textquotedblleft}All the medications received were packed{\textquotedblright} (4.28) and {\textquotedblleft}The patient understands what the pharmacist was saying{\textquotedblright} (4.14). The highest score with respect to the patient{\textquoteright}s relationship with the drug information center was obtained for the statement: {\textquotedblleft}The pharmacist answers patient{\textquoteright}s questions through drug information center of the hospital over 24/7{\textquotedblright} (3.44) and {\textquotedblleft}Poisonous cases first contact the national drug information center or any other hospital drug information center any time through MOH hotline 937 service over 24/7{\textquotedblright} (3.37). Conclusion: The results of this survey revealed that healthcare professionals had an acceptable perception of the pharmacist with respect to communication and patient counseling skills. The healthcare professional{\textquoteright}s privacy, easy contact with the pharmacist, and drug-related problems information improve the p

}, keywords = {Counseling skills, Healthcare professional, Ministry of Health, Perception, Pharmacist, Relationship, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2018.7.4}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Sarah Abdullah Al-Hathlool and Maryam Ibrahim Almulhim and Amal Ali Alashaq and Yousef Aboshalaf and Mytham Al-Ethan} } @article {24, title = {National Survey of the Pharmacokinetics Services at Ministry of Health Hospitals in Saudi Arabia: Pharmacy Management Practice}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {7}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {4-10}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {4}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the pharmacokinetics services at Ministry of Health (MOH) hospitals in Saudi Arabia with an emphasis on pharmacy management practice. Methods: This is a 2-month cross-sectional national survey related to the pharmacokinetics services with a focus on pharmacy management and resources at MOH hospitals in Saudi Arabia. The study consisted of two parts: the first part gathers demographic information and the second part contained 43 questions divided into four domains that were derived from the guidelines of the American Society of Health- System Pharmacists and from the literature. We used the 5-point Likert response scale system to obtain the responses of the participants, which consisted of closeended questions. An electronic questionnaire was distributed to the coordinators of all the clinical pharmacy services or drug information centers at MOH hospitals; it captures the data regarding education and training through a Survey Monkey system. Results: There were 43 total responders from hospital pharmacies; the response rate was found to be 86\%. The majority of pharmacokinetics services were provided to the adult patients (37 (86.05\%)) followed by the pediatric and geriatric patients (19 (44.19\%) and 13 (30.23\%) respectively, with most of the hospitals covering less than 20 beds (23 (53.5\%)). Most of the pharmacokinetics services were provided through inpatient pharmacy (27 (62.79\%), outpatient pharmacy and through discharge (9 (20.93\%)). Most of the administration and management sections of the pharmacokinetics services were with the mission of pharmacokinetics services (68.8\%) followed by the total quality management (67.6\%) and policy and procedures (64.8\%), whereas the least of the administration of pharmacokinetics services was found in the annual pharmacokinetics plan (60\%), the pharmacokinetics strategic plan and pharmacokinetics technician competency (62.6\%). Conclusion: Although there is a daily demand for the pharmacokinetics services, only one-third of the hospitals had pharmacokinetics services to offer. Implementing the MOH pharmacokinetics services strategy is required at all MOH hospitals in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Management, Ministry of Health, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacy resources, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2018.7.3}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Rasha Abdelsalam Elshenawy} } @article {27, title = {National Workload Analysis of Network of Drug Information Centers at Ministry of Health Hospitals in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {7}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {17-25}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {17}, abstract = {

Objectives: To analyze the workload of the network of drug information centers at the Ministry of Health institutions, Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a 2-month cross-sectional survey of all drug information centers at MOH hospitals. Any drug information center that has been recently opened or has provided services to the healthcare professionals and the public participated in the survey. The national, regional, and local drug information centers at healthcare institutions were included in the survey. In addition, hospitals or primary care centers (e.g., public, pediatric, maternity, and psychiatry) were also included in the survey. The survey consisted of two parts: demographics data and workload of drug information centers. The clinical activities were driven by the American College of Clinical Pharmacy model. Results: The questionnaire was distributed to around 60 drug information centers. A total of 46 centers responded to the questionnaire, with a response rate of around 76.66\%. Most hospitals (11 (23.9\%)) had 100{\textendash}199 beds and others (11 (23.9\%)) had 200{\textendash}299 beds. A total of 1022.5; 22,495; and 269,940 drug information queries were received daily, monthly, and annually, respectively. The greatest demand for a full-time employee (FTE) to preform drug information activities was at the central drug information activities (20.95 FTE) followed by the administration-related drug information activities (17.98 FTE) and patient-specific drug information activities (8.41 FTE). Among the central drug information activities, the highest amount of activity was observed for in-service training (10.95 FTE), whereas among the administration-related drug information activities, the highest amount of activity was observed for attending lectures/courses/symposium/training (2.46 FTE). Among the patient-specific drug information activities, the highest amount of activity was observed for patient counseling services (3.43 FTE). Conclusion: The workload of drug information centers was found to be very high. The services were needed to be revised within basic and advanced requirements of drug information centers at the Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Drug Information Centers, Ministry of Health, Network, Saudi Arabia, Workload}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2018.7.5}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Saeed Jamaan Alghamdi and Radi Abdullah Alattyh} } @article {30, title = {Patient{\textquoteright}s Perception and Attitude of Pharmacist during Pharmacy Visits in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {7}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {38-43}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {38}, abstract = {

Purpose: To explore patient{\textquoteright}s perception and attitude during pharmacy visit in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a 4-month cross-sectional survey of patient perception regarding pharmacists. The survey consisted of two parts: the first part captures demographic information and the second part is a questionnaire with 49 questions divided into four domains: (1) The first domain is regarding patient{\textquoteright}s general perception of the pharmacist; (2) the second domain captures data of patient{\textquoteright}s perception regarding pharmaceutical care services; (3) the third domain is regarding patient{\textquoteright}s perception of visiting ambulatory care; and (4) the fourth domain captures information on patient{\textquoteright}s perception regarding the pharmacist{\textquoteright}s relationship and counseling skills. We used the 5-point Likert response scale system to obtain responses of the participants. There were open- and close-ended questions. The survey was distributed through social media to a 500-bed general hospital in Alhassa region, an ambulatory care pharmacy. The authors interviewed the patients with an electronic survey documentation. The survey analyzed domain three, which is about the patient{\textquoteright}s perception of visiting ambulatory care through Survey Monkey system. Results: A total of 617 patients responded to the survey. Of them, 536 (87.7\%) were Saudi and 75 (12.3\%) were non-Saudi nationals. There were 457 (74.1\%) female and 160 (25.9\%) male responders. In the past 12 months, most of the patients (222 (36\%)) visited the pharmacy more than 10 times, whereas the others (122 (19.8\%)) visited the pharmacy at least 5{\textendash}9 times. Most of the patients (481 (83.5\%)) spent less than 11 min with the pharmacist. The average score of patients{\textquoteright} general perception of the pharmacist during pharmacy visit was 3.74. The highest score was obtained for the statements received all medications prescribed to me (4.16) and pharmacy convenient located (4.0).4 The lowest score was obtained for the statement pharmacy waiting area convenient located (3.38). The average score of patient perception of the pharmacist with drug monitoring during the pharmacy visit was 3.74. The highest score was obtained for the statement{\textemdash}the patient revived a copy of prescription-contained medications (3.4), whereas the lowest score was obtained for the statement{\textemdash}the pharmacist gives a follow-up call to the patient as medications prescribed (2.09). The score for general evaluation of pharmacy visit was found to be 3.67 with a score of (3.55) for the preference to visit the pharmacy or recommendation to other patients or friends. Conclusion: According to our results, patient{\textquoteright}s perception during pharmacy visit was found to be acceptable. Pharmacy communication methods and counseling place missed. Corrections of patient needs will improve patient{\textquoteright}s perceptions and raise patient satisfaction during visiting of pharmacy.

}, keywords = {Attitude, Ministry of Health, Patient, Perception, Saudi Arabia, Visit}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2018.7.8}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Sarah Abdullah Al-Hathlool and Maryam Ibrahim Almulhim and Amal Ali Alashaq and Yousef Aboshalaf and Mytham Al-Ethan} } @article {31, title = {Schizophrenia Treatment Physician Order: New Initiatives at the Mental Hospital of Ministry of Health in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {7}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {2-3}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {2}, abstract = {

The general administration of pharmaceutical care at the Ministry of Health in Saudi Arabia has released several pharmacy practice programs. The national pharmacy psychiatric program was one among them. This program has been established for the psychiatric management with an emphasis on schizophrenia. The guidelines inthis program have been implemented in the form of a physician order form. This form consists of the best therapeutic choice for the conventional type of schizophrenia, or schizophrenia with comorbid disease. The schizophrenia guidelines have been approved by the medical staff and have been implemented at the hospital. This type of management of schizophrenia will prevent drug-related problems and improve clinical outcome of the patients. It is the first new initiative project at the Ministry of Health and in the Middle Eastern countries.

}, keywords = {Ministry of Health, Physician Oder, Saudi Arabia, Schizophrenia treatment}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2018.7.2}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Nora Alsolami and Nada Alqahtani and Dalal Alqahtani and Saeed Alqahtani} }