@article {350, title = {Accounting and Financial in Pharmacy Practice: Accounting Cycle}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {12}, year = {2023}, month = {September 2023}, pages = {3-13}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {3}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the accounting cycle policy and procedures in pharmacy practice as a new initiative in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It was a narrative review of pharmacy practice accounting cycle policy and procedures. Litterateur searched various databases, including PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar. The search period is from the 1960s until 15 October 2023. The term is in full-text English and includes Case Reports, Classical Articles, Clinical Conferences, Clinical Studies, Clinical Trials, Evaluation Studies, Government Publications, Guidelines, Meta-Analysis, Observational Studies, Practice Guidelines, Randomized Controlled Trials, Reviews, Systematic Reviews, with Humans subject. All hospital or community pharmacy services are included in a search term. Besides, the National and international guidelines of general infection control in hospital practice. The committee of pharmacy accounting policy and procedures formulated and consisted of various expert members. That includes clinical pharmacists, accountant specialists, and financial experts. The guidelines of the policy draft by one member by the second member were reviewed and corrected. The third revision was by the accountant specialist. The topic emphasizes the accounting cycle of the Pharmacy policy. Results: The accounting cycle policy and procedures in pharmacy practice consisted of various items. That has included Transaction identification, Journal entry, Posting to the general ledger, and Trial balance preparation. Besides, adjusted trial balance, financial statement preparation, Closing entries, and Post-closing trial balance. Conclusion: The accounting cycle policy and procedures are a new pharmacy initiative project. The accounting cycle policy and procedures in pharmacy practice provide accurate accounting and Financial Records, Improved Financial Management, Better tax compliance, and Improved Cash Flow Management and Decision Making. Therefore, the accounting cycle policy and procedures in pharmacy practice are highly recommended for pharmacy career professionals in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Accounting, Cycle, Financial, Pharmacy, Policy, Saudi Arabia.}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2023.12.2}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Ghadeer Zayed Aljumah and Nasser Rashid Alohlie and Naif Saleh Alamri and Maha Hussein Almadany and Ghudair Tashan Alanazi and Riyadh M Alashban and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi} } @article {363, title = {Accounting and Financial in Pharmacy Practice: Competency}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {12}, year = {2023}, month = {September 2023}, pages = {115-126}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {115}, keywords = {Accounting, Competency, Financial, Pharmacy, Policy, Saudi Arabia.}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2023.12.14}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Ghadeer Zayed Aljumah and Nasser Rashid Alohlie and Naif Saleh Alamri and Maha Hussein Almadany and Riyadh M Alashban and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi} } @article {362, title = {Accounting and Financial in Pharmacy Practice: Education and Training}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {12}, year = {2023}, month = {September 2023}, pages = {101-114}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {101}, keywords = {Accounting, Education, Financial, Pharmacy, Policy, Saudi Arabia., Training}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2023.12.13}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Ghadeer Zayed Aljumah and Nasser Rashid Alohlie and Naif Saleh Alamri and Maha Hussein Almadany and Riyadh M Alashban and Amani Abdullah Bahdailah and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi} } @article {361, title = {Accounting and Financial in Pharmacy Practice: Feasibility Studies}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {12}, year = {2023}, month = {September 2023}, pages = {92-100}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {92}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the Feasibility studies of policy and procedures in pharmacy practice as a new initiative in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It was a narrative review of Feasibility studies policy and procedures in pharmacy practice. Litterateur searched various databases, including PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar. The search period is from the 1960s until 15 October 2023. The term is in full-text English and includes Case Reports, Classical Articles,Clinical Conferences, Clinical Studies, Clinical Trials, Evaluation Studies, Government Publications, Guidelines, Meta-Analysis, Observational Studies, Practice Guidelines, Randomized Controlled Trials, Reviews, Systematic Reviews, with Humans subject. All hospital or community pharmacy services are included in a search term. Besides, the National and international guidelines of general infection control in hospital practice. The committee of pharmacy accounting policy and procedures formulated and consisted of various expert members. That includes clinical pharmacists, accountant specialists, and financial experts. The guidelines of the policy draft by one member by the second member were reviewed and corrected. The third revision was by the accountant specialist. The topic emphasizes visibility studies policy and procedures in the Pharmacy policy. Results: The Feasibility studies of policy and procedures in pharmacy practice consisted of various angles, including general analysis of new ideas or projects, marketing analysis, operation studies, regulations analysis, and economic studies. In addition to SWOT Analysis and business model generations in pharmacy. Conclusion: The Feasibility studies policy is a new pharmacy financial initiative project in pharmaceutical care services. The Feasibility studies policy and procedures in pharmacy practice improve the economic analysis of any new program or project. In addition, it encourages hospital and community pharmacists to implement successful new pharmacy projects with scientific and financial regulations at healthcare organizations. Therefore, the Feasibility studies policy and procedures in pharmacy practice are highly suggested to implement further projects or programs for pharmacy businesses and professionals in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Accounting, Feasibility, Financial, Pharmacy, Policy, Saudi Arabia.}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2023.12.12}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Ghadeer Zayed Aljumah and Nasser Rashid Alohlie and Naif Saleh Alamri and Maha Hussein Almadany and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi and Riyadh M Alashban and Nujud Ibrahim Aldhewayan} } @article {352, title = {Accounting and Financial in Pharmacy Practice: Financial Position Statement (Balance Sheet)}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {12}, year = {2023}, month = {September 2023}, pages = {17-28}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {17}, abstract = {

Objectives: To the financial position statement (balance sheet) policy and procedures in pharmacy practice as a new initiative in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It was a narrative review of the Financial position statement (balance sheet) policy and procedures in pharmacy practice. Litterateur searched various databases, including PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar. The search period is from the 1960s until 15 October 2023. The term is in full-text English and includes Case Reports, Classical Articles, Clinical Conferences, Clinical Studies, Clinical Trials, Evaluation Studies, Government Publications, Guidelines, Meta-Analysis, Observational Studies, Practice Guidelines, Randomized Controlled Trials, Reviews, Systematic Reviews, with Humans subject. All hospital or community pharmacy services are included in a search term. Besides, the National and international guidelines of general infection control in hospital practice. The committee of pharmacy accounting policy and procedures formulated and consisted of various expert members. That includes clinical pharmacists, accountant specialists, and financial experts. The guidelines of the policy draft by one member by the second member were reviewed and corrected. The third revision was by the accountant specialist. The topic emphasizes the Financial position statement of the Pharmacy policy. Results: the financial position statement in pharmacy practice indicates its financial position at a particular time, indicating its assets, liabilities, and equity. The financial position statement showed the relationship between these three elements of the pharmacy{\textquoteright}s total assets, liabilities, and equity and how these items have changed over time. As illustrated in the review, various analyses are required for the financial position statement, including general analytics, profitability, liquidity, liabilities, efficiency, and price or market analysis or investment analysis policy and procedures. Conclusion: The financial position statement in pharmacy practice policy and procedures is a new initiative project for non-professional accountants. The financial position statement in pharmacy practice improves business and financial decisions. In addition, it encourages pharmacists to adhere to accounting and financial regulations at various places at healthcare institutions. Therefore, the financial position statement in pharmacy practice policy and procedures policy is highly recommended for implementation in the pharmacy business in Saudi Arabia

}, keywords = {Accounting, Financial, Financial Position, Pharmacy, Policy, Saudi Arabia.}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2023.12.4}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Ghadeer Zayed Aljumah and Nasser Rashid Alohlie and Naif Saleh Alamri and Riyadh M Alashban and Maha Hussein Almadany and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi and Basmah Suliman AlHamdan and Ghudair Tashan Alanazi} } @article {354, title = {Accounting and Financial in Pharmacy Practice: Income and Cash Flow Statements}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {12}, year = {2023}, month = {September 2023}, pages = {36-48}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {36}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the income and cash flow statements policy and procedures in pharmacy practice as a new initiative in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It was a narrative review of the pharmacy practice{\textquoteright}s income and cash flow statements policy and procedures. Litterateur searched various databases, including PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar. The search period is from the 1960s until 15 October 2023. The term is in full-text English and includes Case Reports, Classical Articles, Clinical Conferences, Clinical Studies, Clinical Trials, Evaluation Studies, Government Publications, Guideline, Meta-Analysis, Observational Studies, Practice Guidelines, Randomized Controlled Trials, Reviews, Systematic Reviews, with Humans subject. All hospital or community pharmacy services are included in a search term. Besides, the National and international guidelines of general infection control in hospital practice. The committee of pharmacy accounting policy and procedures formulated and consisted of various expert members. That includes clinical pharmacists, accountant specialists, and financial experts. The guidelines of the policy draft by one member by the second member were reviewed and corrected. The third revision was by the accountant specialist. The topic emphasizes income and cash flow statements of the Pharmacy policy. Results: The income and cash flow statements policy and procedures in pharmacy practice had various benefits, such as Financial management, business and tax plan, and assessing the pharmacy profitability and expenditure management. Besides, the pharmacy business{\textquoteright}s liquidity and solvency. The income and cash flow statements suggested policy and procedures and related analysis in the pharmacy practice. Conclusion: The income and cash flow statements policy and procedures in pharmacy practice as a new initiative in Saudi Arabia. They will improve the pharmacy business and better financial management. In addition, it encourages pharmacists to adhere to local and international financial and accounting standards and regulations. Therefore, in pharmacy practice, income and cash flow statements policy and procedures are highly suggested for pharmacy business in Saudi Arabia

}, keywords = {Accounting, Cash Flow, Financial, Income Statement, Pharmacy, Policy, Saudi Arabia.}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2023.12.6}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Ghadeer Zayed Aljumah and Nasser Rashid Alohlie and Naif Saleh Alamri and Maha Hussein Almadany and Basmah Suliman AlHamdan and Riyadh M Alashban and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi and Ghudair Tashan Alanazi} } @article {357, title = {Accounting and Financial in Pharmacy Practice: Managerial Accounting}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {12}, year = {2023}, month = {September 2023}, pages = {56-66}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {56}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the managerial accounting policy and procedures in pharmacy practice as a new initiative in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It was a narrative review of the pharmacy practice{\textquoteright}s managerial accounting policy and procedures. Litterateur searched various databases, including PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar. The search period is from the 1960s until 15 October 2023. The term is in full-text English and includes Case Reports, Classical Articles, Clinical Conferences, Clinical Studies, Clinical Trials, Evaluation Studies, Government Publications, Guidelines, Meta-Analysis, Observational Studies, Practice Guidelines, Randomized Controlled Trials, Reviews, Systematic Reviews, with Humans subject. All hospital or community pharmacy services are included in a search term. Besides, the National and international guidelines of general infection control in hospital practice. The committee of pharmacy accounting policy and procedures formulated and consisted of various expert members. That includes clinical pharmacists, accountant specialists, and financial experts. The guidelines of the policy draft by one member by the second member were reviewed and corrected. The third revision was by the accountant specialist. The topic emphasizes managerial accounting of the Pharmacy policy. Results: The managerial accounting policy and procedures in pharmacy practice calculate the costs of products sold, working fees, labor costs, and other costs related to running a pharmacy. Managerial accounting in pharmacy practice can analyze the prices of various products and services, track sales revenue and profit margins, and improve pharmacy operations{\textquoteright} efficiency, effectiveness, and profitability. The steps of cost calculation policy and procedures were illustrated in the review. Conclusion: The managerial accounting policy and procedures in pharmacy practice is a new pharmacy management initiative. The managerial accounting policy and procedures in pharmacy practice can help pharmacy managers and administrators make effective financial decisions and plan pharmacy budgets and product pricing. Therefore, pharmacy career professionals in Saudi Arabia must implement the administrative-accounting policy and procedures in pharmacy practice.

}, keywords = {Accounting, Financial, Managerial Accounting, Pharmacy, Policy, Saudi Arabia.}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2023.12.8}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Ghadeer Zayed Aljumah and Nasser Rashid Alohlie and Naif Saleh Alamri and Maha Hussein Almadany and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi and Riyadh M Alashban} } @article {359, title = {Accounting and Financial in Pharmacy Practice: Quality Perspective}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {12}, year = {2023}, month = {September 2023}, pages = {77-89}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {77}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the accounting system quality management policy and procedures in pharmacy practice as a new initiative in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It was a narrative review of accounting system quality management policy and procedures in pharmacy practice. Litterateur searched various databases, including PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar. The search period is from the 1960s until 15 October 2023. The term is in full-text English and includes Case Reports, Classical Articles, Clinical Conferences, Clinical Studies, Clinical Trials, Evaluation Studies, Government Publications, Guideline, Meta-Analysis, Observational Studies, Practice Guidelines, Randomized Controlled Trials, Reviews, Systematic Reviews, with Humans subject. All hospital or community pharmacy services are included in a search term. Besides, the National and international guidelines of general infection control in hospital practice. The committee of pharmacy accounting policy and procedures formulated and consisted of various expert members. That includes clinical pharmacists, accountant specialists, and financial experts. The guidelines of the policy draft by one member by the second member were reviewed and corrected. The third revision was by the accountant specialist. The topic emphasizes accounting system quality management of the Pharmacy policy. Results: The quality management of accounting system policy and procedures in pharmacy practice has consisted of accounting auditing and financial performance indicators. The review declares accounting system quality indicators and financial indicators. Besides, the techniques of conducting quality management systems for accounting programs in pharmacy practice. Conclusion: The quality management of accounting system policy and procedures in pharmacy practice demands keeping inventory products at an appropriate level, with cost control. Besides, monitor financial indicators and adhere to an accounting auditing system. Thus, quality management of accounting system policy and procedures is highly recommended for pharmacy career professionals worldwide.

}, keywords = {Accounting, Financial, Pharmacy, Policy, Quality management, Saudi Arabia.}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2023.12.10}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Ghadeer Zayed Aljumah and Nasser Rashid Alohlie and Naif Saleh Alamri and Riyadh M Alashban and Maha Hussein Almadany and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi and Basmah Suliman AlHamdan and Ghudair Tashan Alanazi and Hussain Mohammed Ibrahim Aareji} } @article {358, title = {Advance knowledge of Physician about Total Parenteral Nutrition in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {12}, year = {2023}, month = {September 2023}, pages = {67-76}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {67}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the physician{\textquoteright}s advanced knowledge about Total Parenteral Nutrition in Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: It analyzes a cross-sectional survey that discussed the physician{\textquoteright}s basic knowledge of some items for Total Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) in Saudi Arabian. The survey consisted of respondents{\textquoteright} demographic information about Physician knowledge of Total Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) calculations. Besides, the physician{\textquoteright}s understanding of Total Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) adjusts based on diseases, Physician knowledge of Total Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) components for various populations. The 5-point Likert response scale system was used with closed-ended questions. The survey was validated through the revision of expert reviewers and pilot testing. Besides, various tests of the reliability of McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ2, and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 were done with the study. Furthermore, the data analysis of the Pharmacist practice of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) medications is done through the survey monkey system. Besides, the Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft Excel sheet version 16. Results: A total number of 409 physicians responded to the questionnaire. Of them, almost onehalf responded from the Northern region (186 (45.48\%)), and one Quarter responded from the central area (106 (25.92\%)), with statistically significant differences between the provinces (p=0.000). Females responded more than males (268 (65.53\%)) versus 141 (34.47\%)), with statistically significant differences between all levels (p=0.001). Most of the responders were in the age group of 36-45 years (198 (48.41\%)) and 46-55 years (109 (26.65\%)), with statistically significant differences between all age groups (p=0.000). Almost one-half of responders, 176 (43.03\%), worked at an organization that had Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) services, with only 86 (21.03\%) had been ever requested any Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) with statistically significant differences between all answers (p=0.000). The average score of knowledge calculation of Total Parenteral Nutrition services components was (3.41). The element {\textquotedblleft}Total daily requirement of the protein{\textquotedblright} obtained the highest score (3.81). The aspect {\textquotedblleft}Total daily requirement of the electrolytes{\textquotedblright} was (3.77). The average score of knowledge the Total Parental Nutrition services (TPNs) adjust with various diseases was (3.70). The element {\textquotedblleft}Hepatic Failure{\textquotedblright} obtained the highest score (4.30). The aspect {\textquotedblleft}Renal failure{\textquotedblright} was (4.22). Conclusion: The advanced knowledge of physicians about parenteral nutrition calculations or adjusting parenteral nutrition based on the current disease was inadequate. Therefore, targeting undergraduates and postgraduate education and training is highly in the medical care.

}, keywords = {Advance, Knowledge, Physicians, Saudi Arabia., Total Parenteral Nutrition}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2023.12.9}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Riyadh M Alashban and Anwar Ghudair Alanazi and Abdulmajeed Ali Alshehri} } @article {353, title = {Basic Knowledge of Physician about Total Parenteral Nutrition in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {12}, year = {2023}, month = {September 2023}, pages = {29-35}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {29}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the physician{\textquoteright}s basic knowledge about Total Parenteral Nutrition in Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: It analyzes a cross-sectional survey that discussed the physician{\textquoteright}s basic knowledge of some items for Total Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) in Saudi Arabia. The survey consisted of respondents{\textquoteright} demographic information about the Assessment of Total Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) knowledge of physicians, The resources of Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) used by physicians. The 5-point Likert response scale system was used with closedended questions. The survey was validated through the revision of expert reviewers and pilot testing. Besides, various tests of the reliability of McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ2, and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 been done with the study. Furthermore, the physician{\guilsinglright}s basic knowledge about Total Parenteral Nutrition is analyzed through the survey monkey system. Besides, the Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft Excel sheet version 16. Results: A total number of 409 physicians responded to the questionnaire. Of them, almost one-half responded from the Northern region (186 (45.48\%)), and one Quarter responded from the central area (106 (25.92\%)), with statistically significant differences between the provinces (p=0.000). Females responded more than males (268 (65.53\%)) versus 141 (34.47\%)), with statistically significant differences between all levels (p=0.001). Most of the responders were in the age group of 36-45 years (198 (48.41\%)) and 46-55 years (109 (26.65\%)), with statistically significant differences between all age groups (p=0.000). Almost one-half of responders, 176 (43.03\%), worked at an organization that had Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) services, with only 86 (21.03\%) had been ever requested any Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) with statistically significant differences between all answers (p=0.000). The average score of basic knowledge of physicians about the Total Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) was (2.57). The element {\textquotedblleft}Have you ever heard about the concept of Total Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs){\textquotedblright} obtained the highest score (3.22). The aspect {\textquotedblleft}know the requirements of TPN through peripheral line administration{\textquotedblright} (2.89). The element {\textquotedblleft}know the interaction of the drug with total Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs){\textquotedblright} was (2.76). The most resources for Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) were the Saud Food and Drug Authority (SFDA) website 178 (43.63\%), Peer discussions 113 (27.70\%), and Medical association literature/guidelines/recommendations 112 (27.45\%). Conclusion: The basic knowledge of physicians about total parenteral nutrition is inadequate. Therefore, targeting education nutrition support for physicians is highly recommended, and the privilege of prescribing TPN should be reviewed.

}, keywords = {Basic, Knowledge, Physicians, Saudi Arabia., Total Parenteral Nutrition}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2023.12.5}, author = {Jawza F. Alsabhan and Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Anwar Tashan Zaid Alanazi and Rashed Abdullah Nasser Almutairi and Abdulmajeed Ali Alshehri} } @article {355, title = {The Basic Practice of Total Parenteral Nutrition by Physicians in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {12}, year = {2023}, month = {September 2023}, pages = {49-55}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {49}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the essential practice of Total Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) by the physician in Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: The study is a cross-sectional survey highlighting the essential practice of Total Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) by a Saudi Arabian physician. The survey consisted of respondents{\textquoteright} demographic information about the essential practice of Total Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) by the physician at the institution, including the availabilities of Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) at the institution, physician prescribing TPN, the number of patients who need TPN, and the number of TPN orders. The 5-point Likert response scale system was used with closed-ended questions. The survey was validated through the revision of expert reviewers and pilot testing. Besides, various tests of the reliability of McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ2, and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 were done with the study. Furthermore, the physician{\textquoteright}s data analysis of the essential practice of Total Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) is done through the survey monkey system. Besides, the Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft Excel sheet version 16. Results: A total number of 409 physicians responded to the questionnaire. Of them, almost onehalf responded from the Northern region (n=186 (45.48\%), and around one-Quarter of the responded physician were from the central area (n=106) (25.92\%), with statistically significant differences between the provinces (p=0.000). Females responded more than males (n=268) (65.53\%) versus (n=141) (34.47\%), with statistically significant differences between all levels (p=0.001). Most of the responders were in the age group of 36-45 years (n=198) (48.41\%) and 46-55 years (n=109) (26.65\%), with statistically significant differences between all age groups (p=0.000). Almost onehalf of responders (n=176) (43.03\%) worked at an organization that had parenteral nutrition services (TPNs) services. However, less than a quarter had been ever requested any parenteral nutrition services (TPNs) (n=86) (21.03\%), with statistically significant differences between all answers (p=0.000). Most physicians do not ever request any parenteral nutrition services (TPNs) (n=179) (43.77\%), or they do not have any answer (n=144) (35.21\%). The estimated total number of TPN prescriptions was (21,344.50) daily, with an average of (16.25) TPN orders per responder working in hospital practice. Those prescriptions were needed; the total number of patients was (5,757); with an average of (60.3) patients per responder. The highest range number of patients was (n=108) (26.41\%) in a range (81-100) patients and 103 (25.18\%) in a field (1-20) patients daily. The average score of essential practice items for Total Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) at the institution was (3.31). The element {\textquotedblleft}Mission of Total Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) system{\textquotedblright} obtained the highest score (3.61). The element {\textquotedblleft}Nutrition Support Team services were (3.56). Conclusion: Physicians{\textquoteright} essential practice of parenteral nutrition was inadequate despite the high number of patients and the number of TPN orders. Lack of parenteral nutrition education was the primary concern in the physician{\textquoteright}s parenteral nutrition practice in medical care.

}, keywords = {Basic, Physicians, Practice, Saudi Arabia., Total Parenteral Nutrition}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2023.12.7}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Jawza F. Alsabhan and Amal Abdulllah Alnasser and Ayman Uthman Alhussini and Abdulmajeed Ali Alshehri} } @article {345, title = {Attitudes and Perceptions of Pharmacists About Home care pharmacy services in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {11}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {161-172}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {161}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the attitudes and perceptions of pharmacists about home care pharmacy services in Saudi Arabia. Methods: The study analyzed a cross-sectional survey that discussed the attitudes and perceptions of pharmacists about home care pharmacy services in Saudi Arabia. The survey consisted of respondents{\textquoteright} demographic information about pharmacist{\textquoteright}s perception of home healthcare pharmacy services, barriers, which factors may discourage the implementation of home care pharmacy services, and recommendations/suggestions for facilitating the implementation of home healthcare pharmacy services. The 5-point Likert response scale system was used with closed-ended questions. The survey was validated through the revision of expert reviewers and pilot testing. Besides, various tests of reliability, McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ2, and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 were done with the study. Furthermore, the data analysis of the attitudes and perceptions of pharmacists about home care pharmacy services is done through the survey monkey system. Besides, the statistical package of social sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft Excel sheet version 16. Results: A total number of 393 pharmacists responded to the questionnaire. Of them, more than three-quarters responded from the Central region (303 (77.10\%)), with statistically significant differences between the provinces (p=0.000). Males responded less than females (195 (49.74\%)) versus 197 (50.26\%\%)), with statistically non-significant differences between them (p=0.920). Most of the responders were in the age group of 24-35 years (267 (67.94\%)) and 36-45 years (121 (30.79\%)), with statistically significant differences between all age groups (p=0.000). The average score of perception of pharmacists about home healthcare pharmacy services was (4.33). The element {\textquotedblleft}Electronic prescribing in home healthcare pharmacy has a positive outcome to patients{\textquotedblright} obtained the highest score (4.45). The aspect {\textquotedblleft}The off-labeling system in home healthcare pharmacy should be implemented to protect the healthcare providers from any liability{\textquotedblright} (4.44). The responders who agreed that they should be authorized and responsible for providing home healthcare pharmacy services to the patient was a pharmacist (4.30), clinical pharmacist (4.27), and Pharmacy technician (4.26), with statistically significant difference between the responses (p\<0.000). The average score for {\textquotedblleft}barriers might prevent home healthcare pharmacy services implementation{\textquotedblright} was (4.33). The score for the element {\textquotedblleft}Fear of legal liability{\textquotedblright} was (4.52), the aspect {\textquotedblleft}Limited number of pharmacists who are specialized in geriatric patients when needed {\textquotedblleft}was (4.46), and the element {\textquotedblleft}Unaware of the need and importance of home healthcare pharmacy services{\textquotedblright} was (4.46). Conclusion: The attitudes and perceptions of pharmacists about home care pharmacy services are acceptable. All obstacles preventing home care pharmacy services should be removed. Standardized home care pharmacy services are highly recommended in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Attitudes, Home care, Perceptions, Pharmacists, pharmacy services, Saudi Arabia.}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2022.11.23}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Saad Mashahen Alblawi and Hussa Mubarak Muwainea and Areej Abdullah Al Jasser and Maha Hussein Almadany and Osama Ali Alzahrani} } @article {343, title = {Practice of Health Insurance Services by Pharmacists in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {11}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {141-150}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {141}, abstract = {

Objectives: To illustrate the Practice of Health Insurance Services by Pharmacists in Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: It analyzes a cross-sectional survey that discussed the Pharmacist practice of health insurance in Saudi Arabia. The survey consisted of respondents{\textquoteright} demographic information about pharmacists and types of Health insurance coverage, present items for health insurance pharmacists at any healthcare institution, and Health insurance pharmacist practice implementation. The 5-point Likert response scale system was used with closed-ended questions. The survey was validated through the revision of expert reviewers and pilot testing. Besides, various tests of reliability, McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ2, and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 been done with the study. Furthermore, the data analysis of the Practice Health Insurance Services by Pharmacists is done through the survey monkey system. Besides, the statistical package of social sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft Excel sheet version 16. Results: A total number of 398 pharmacists responded to the questionnaire. Of them, more than onethird responded from the Central region (137 (34.51\%)), and one Quarter responded from the western part (109 (27.46\%)), with statistically significant differences between the provinces (p=0.000). Males responded more than females (239 (60.35\%)) versus 157 (39.65\%)), with statistically significant differences between all levels (p=0.000). Most of the responders were in the age group of 24-30 years (271 (68.26\%)) and 31-35 years (56 (14.11\%)), with statistically significant differences between all age groups (p=0.000). Most of the pharmacists were staff pharmacists (300 (75.76\%)) and pharmacy supervisors (43 (10.86\%)), with statistically significant differences between all levels (p=0.000). Almost one-half of pharmacists currently have health insurance coverage (239 ((60.05\%)) with equal or less than one year (108 ((42.52\%)), or 2-3 years (81 ((31.89\%)), have you been associated with your current insurance provider with statistically significant differences between all levels (p=0.000). The average score of practice items for health insurance pharmacists at any healthcare institution (is 1.78). The element {\textquotedblleft}Heath insurance and high-risk medications {\textquotedblright} obtained the highest score (1.85). The aspect {\textquotedblleft}Heath insurance pharmacist and home healthcare medication{\textquotedblright} was (1.84). The average score of Health insurance pharmacist practice implementation (is 3.29). The element {\textquotedblleft}The health insurance pharmacist employee as a staff member of Heath insurance departments or pharmacy services {\textquotedblright} obtained the highest score (3.53). The aspect {\textquotedblleft}The Heath insurance pharmacist had an active role in health insurance departments {\textquotedblright} was (3.53). Conclusion: The pharmacist practice of health insurance was inadequate. The health insurance system highly demands pharmaceutical care. Therefore, implementing health insurance pharmacists at healthcare organizations and other health insurance companies is highly suggested in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Health Insurance, Pharmacist, Practice, Saudi Arabia., Services}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2022.11.21}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Mohammad Abdulaziz AL-Tuwaijri and Mohammad Abdullah Alghamdi and Maha Hussein Almadany and Shaimaa O Ahmadeen and Atheer Fahad Al-Aqile} } @article {338, title = {The Practice of home healthcare services by Pharmacists in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {11}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {104-111}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {104}, abstract = {

Objectives: To illustrate the practice of home healthcare services by pharmacists in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It analyzes a cross-sectional survey that discussed practice at home health care services in Saudi Arabia. The study comprised respondents{\textquoteright} demographic information about pharmacists and home healthcare pharmacy services implementation and resources used for home healthcare pharmacy services. The 5-point Likert response scale system was used with closed-ended questions. The survey was validated through the revision of expert reviewers and pilot testing. Besides, various tests of reliability, McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ2, and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6, were done with the study. Furthermore, the data analysis of the practice home healthcare services by pharmacists in Saudi Arabia is done through the survey monkey system. Besides, the statistical package of social sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft Excel sheet version 16. Results: A total number of 393 pharmacists responded to the questionnaire. Of them, more than three-quarters responded from the Central region (303 (77.10\%)), with statistically significant differences between the provinces (p=0.000). Males responded less than females (195 (49.74\%)) versus 197 (50.26\%\%)), with statistically non-significant differences between them (p=0.920). Most of the responders were in the age group of 24-35 years (267 (67.94\%)) and 36-45 years (121 (30.79\%)), with statistically significant differences between all age groups (p=0.000). The average number of home healthcare prescriptions was (17.46) daily per responder, with a total number (6,861) per day. The highest range number of prescriptions was (26-30) ((33.93\%) daily. Those prescriptions were dispensed to home healthcare (8.34) patients daily per each responder, with the highest range number of patients being (16-18) ((25.95\%) daily per each responder. The average score of the practice of pharmacists about the home healthcare Pharmacy implementations was (4.45). The element {\textquotedblleft}The medication error system is included in home healthcare pharmacy services{\textquotedblright} obtained the highest score (4.60). The pharmacists believe that {\textquotedblleft}The research on home healthcare pharmacy services{\textquotedblright} (4.57) and {\textquotedblleft}The cost analysis of home healthcare pharmacy services. The most used resources of the home healthcare pharmacy services in practice were Health Practitioners 265 (67.60\%) and Drug Bulletin 246 (62.76\%). They were followed by Internet 241 (61.48\%), Scientific literature 212 (54.08\%). Conclusion: The home care pharmacy practice by pharmacists is appropriate. Each pharmacist provides home care activities based on each type of healthcare organization. The vision, mission, and home care pharmacy strategy should be identified, and the home care pharmacist role must be unified at all healthcare institutions. Besides, further research about home care pharmacy practice is highly suggested in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {healthcare services, Home, Pharmacists, Practice, Saudi Arabia.}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2022.11.17}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Maha Hussein Almadany and Areej Abdullah Al Jasser and Fawaz Abdullah Alrakaf and Fatima Abdulqader Alshamrani and Hussa Mubarak Muwainea and Osama Ali Alzahrani} } @article {323, title = {Research Policy of the Institutional Review Board in Pharmacy Practice}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {11}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {15-19}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {15}, abstract = {

Objectives: This study aims to declare the Research policy of the Institutional Review Board at pharmaceutical care services as a new initiative in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This article is a narrative review of pharmacy research. Litterateur researched specific research policies and procedures in pharmacy practice using a variety of databases, including PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar. The period covered for the search is from the 1960s to October 2021. The terms used are in the English language and encompasses narrative reviews, systemic reviews, meta-analyses, and guidelines. The search term includes all hospital and community pharmacy-related services. Besides, there are national and international guidelines for conducting general research in hospital practice. The pharmacy research committee was formed and comprised numerous expert members, including clinical pharmacists, pharmacists specializing in drug information, and clinical research specialists. A member drafted the policy{\textquoteright}s guidelines, which were then reviewed and corrected by another member. The research specialist made the third revision. The subject emphasizes the research policy of the Institutional Review Board in pharmacy practice. Results: The Institutional Review Board{\textquoteright}s definition and functions were examined. The policies and procedures have been established. In pharmacy research, there were three distinct categories of actions. That includes Exempted Research, in which no risks to patients are involved. For example, a review of a new program or service, a cost analysis, therapeutic guidelines, review articles, a systematic review, a meta-analysis, or a cross-sectional study. Expedited Research posed little risk to patients. The Complete revision Research has a high risk of adverse effects on patients, such as clinical trials. Conclusion: The Institutional Review Board for research policies in pharmaceutical care services is a new initiative within pharmacy departments{\textquoteright} research and development efforts. The Institutional Review Board for research policies in pharmaceutical care services may enhance pharmacy research and the benefits of investments in pharmacy practice within a healthcare organization. Besides, prevent any adverse events associated with the investigational drug and improve patient clinical outcomes.

}, keywords = {Institutional Review Board, Pharmacy, Policy, Practice, Research, Saudi Arabia.}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2022.11.4}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Amal Hassan Al-Najjar and Hamidah Qasim Ali Abushomi and Maha Hussein Almadany and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi} } @article {327, title = {Research Policy on Cross-Sectional Studies in Pharmacy Practice}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {11}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {31-35}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {31}, abstract = {

Objectives: This study illustrates the Research policy of Cross-Sectional Studies in Pharmaceutical Care Services as a new initiative in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This article is a narrative review of pharmacy research. Litterateur researched specific research policies and procedures in pharmacy practice using a variety of databases, including PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar. The period covered for the search is from the 1960s to October 2021. The terms used are in the English language and encompasses narrative reviews, systemic reviews, meta-analyses, and guidelines. The search term includes all hospital and community pharmacy-related services. Besides, there are national and international guidelines for conducting general research in hospital practice. The pharmacy research committee was formed and comprised numerous expert members, including clinical pharmacists, pharmacists who specialise in drug information, and clinical research specialists. A member drafted the policy{\textquoteright}s guidelines, which were then reviewed and corrected by another member. The research specialist made the third revision. The topic emphasises the Pharmacy Research policy of crosssectional studies design. Results: Pharmacy Research{\textquoteright}s policy on cross-sectional studies design in pharmacy practice covered a variety of topics. This includes an examination of the advantages and disadvantages of cross-sectional studies design, as well as the procedures for conducting cross-sectional research in pharmaceutical care services. Conclusion: A novel initiative in pharmacy practice is the development of a pharmacy research strategy that governs the design of cross-sectional studies. The cross-sectional studies used to develop pharmacy policies increased the number and quality of pharmacy research at public and private healthcare organisations. Thus, the cross-sectional design in pharmacy research policy is a basic foundation to implement in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Cross-sectional, Pharmacy, Policy, Research, Saudi Arabia.}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2022.11.7}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Amal Hassan Al-Najjar and Ghudair Tashan Alanazi and Maha Hussein Almadany and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi} } @article {332, title = {Research Policy on Research Pharmacist Competency}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {11}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {61-64}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {61}, abstract = {

Objectives: This study explores the Research policy of Research Pharmacist Competency as a new initiative in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This article is a narrative review of pharmacy research. Litterateur researched specific research policies and procedures in pharmacist competency in research practice using a variety of databases, including PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar. The period covered for the search is from the 1960s to October 2021. The English language uses the terms and encompasses narrative reviews, systemic reviews, meta-analyses, and guidelines. The search term includes all hospital and community pharmacy-related services. Besides, there are national and international guidelines for conducting general research in hospital practice. The pharmacy research committee was formed and comprised numerous expert members, including clinical pharmacists, pharmacists specializing in drug information, and clinical research specialists. A member drafted the policy{\textquoteright}s guidelines, which were then reviewed and corrected by another member. The research specialist made the third revision. The topic emphasizes the Pharmacy Research policy of pharmacist competencies in Research. Results: The Pharmacist Competency on Pharmacy Research included several items, such as five modules of clinical pharmacist competencies. That consists of Patient care, research skills, communications, Professionalism, and continuing professional development. In addition, each model included a description of the module of various activities, pre-training and post-training exams, type of assessment, and assessment scores. Conclusion: The pharmacy research policy of Research pharmacist competency is a new initiative and a component of the pharmacy strategic plan. The pharmacy policy{\textquoteright}s research pharmacist competency aims to enhance pharmacists{\textquoteright} research abilities and encourage pharmacists to conduct various types of research in multiple settings within the public and healthcare sectors. Therefore, the Research pharmacist competency policy is critical for the pharmacy career in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Competency, Pharmacy, Policy, Research, Saudi Arabia.}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2022.11.12}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Amal Hassan Al-Najjar and Maha Hussein Almadany and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi} } @article {328, title = {Research Quality Management Policy}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {11}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {56-60}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {56}, abstract = {

Objectives: This study illustrates the Research policy of quality management in pharmacy research practice as a new initiative project in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a narrative review of pharmacy research{\textquoteright}s quality management policy and procedures. Litterateur researched specific quality management research policies and procedures in pharmacy practice using various databases, including PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar. The time covered for the search is from the 1960s to October 2021. The keyword used is in the English language and encompasses systemic reviews, meta-analyses, narrative reviews, and guidelines or regulations. The search term includes all hospital and community pharmacy-related services. Besides, the national and international guidelines for conducting general research in hospital and pharmacy practice. The committee of quality management policy of pharmacy research formulated and consisted of numerous expert members, including clinical pharmacists, drug information pharmacists, and clinical research specialists. A member drafted the policy and procedures, which were then reviewed and corrected by another member. The research specialist made the third revision. The topic emphasizes the quality management of Pharmacy Research policy as the narrative review model. Results: Pharmacy research policy quality management is a new topic in pharmaceutical care services. It covered various topics, the steps involved in conducting quality management, and indicator policies and procedures. Besides, quality management pharmacy research can be implemented into various sections. That included patient care, research skills, communication, Professionalism, cautious development. Each part had a key performance indicator and related optimal level. Conclusion: The quality management policy for pharmacy research is a new initiative within pharmacy research. The quality management pharmacy policy assists the pharmacy research performance and keeps up-to-date development with key performance indicators. Therefore, all quality management models in pharmacy research policy are highly suggested for the pharmacy research practice in Saudi Arabia

}, keywords = {Key performance indicator, Pharmacy, Policy, Quality management, Research, Saudi Arabia.}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2022.11.11}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Amal Hassan Al-Najjar and Maha Hussein Almadany and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi} } @article {313, title = {Knowledge of Pharmacists about Pharmacy Infection Control in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {10}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {129-137}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {129}, abstract = {

Objectives: In this study, we aimed to assess pharmacists{\textquoteright} knowledge about pharmacy infection control in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: This crosssectional survey study was conducted to assess pharmacists{\textquoteright} knowledge about pharmacy infection control in Saudi Arabia. We used a self-reported electronic survey questionnaire and distributed it to pharmacists, including dentists from interns to consultants and pharmacy specialists in Saudi Arabia. The survey collected demographic information of the responders and their knowledge regarding some of the selected pharmacy infection control elements in dental care. We also collected information regarding the resources they use to obtain knowledge of pharmacy infection control. We used 5-point Likert response scale system with close-ended questions to obtain their responses. The data were collected through the Survey Monkey system and analyzed using Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft Excel (version 16) software. Results: A total of 435 pharmacists responded to the questionnaire, with one-quarter of them coming from the central region (97 (22.35\%)), and northern region (92 (21.2\%)), with non-statistically significant differences between regions (p=0.637). Of the total responders, 212 (48.96\%) were female, and 221 (51.04\%) were male responders, with non-statistically significant differences between them (p=0.665). Most of the responders were in the age group of 24{\textendash}30 years (151 (34.87\%)) and 36{\textendash}40 years (101 (23.33\%)), with statistically significant differences between them (p=0.000). The total average score of pharmacy infection control assessment for basic knowledge was 3.34, with high scores obtained for the elements knowledge of hand hygiene (3.86) and personal protective equipment (3.83). In comparison, the lowest scores were obtained for the elements knowledge of the accidental sharp devices immunization system (2.80), and the infection control pharmacist gets more salary than regular pharmacist (2.91). The total average score of knowledge of frequently used disinfection and antiseptics products at your healthcare institution (3.60) and the high scores were obtained for the elements knowledge of peroxygens (hydrogen peroxide) (4.63) and alcohol (isopropyl alcohol 70\%) (4.63). In comparison, the lowest scores were obtained for the element knowledge of phenolics (ortho-benzyl-parachlorophenol) (2.76) and the iodophors (povidone-iodine ointment 10\%) (2.99). The score for the single-test reliability analysis of McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω was 0.927, Cronbach{\textquoteright}s αwas 0.924, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ2 was 0.933, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 was 0.973, and Greater Lower Bound was 0.989. Conclusion: Pharmacists{\textquoteright} knowledge about pharmacy infection control was inadequate in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Therefore, targeting to provide the necessary education and training for undergraduate and postgraduate students to improve patient infection control within pharmaceutical care in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Infection Control, Knowledge, Pharmacist, Pharmacy, Saudi Arabia.}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2021.10.18}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Ghudair Tashan Alanazi and Amani Abdullah Bahdailah and Hussa Mubarak Muwainea and Razan Alshehri} } @article {317, title = {Perception of Pharmacists about Pharmacy Infection Control in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {10}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {160-168}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {160}, abstract = {

Objectives: In this study, we aimed to explore the perception of pharmacists about pharmacy infection control in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: In this crosssectional study, we aimed to explore the perception of pharmacists about pharmacy infection control in Saudi Arabia. We used a self-reported electronic questionnaire and distributed it to pharmacists from interns to consultants and specialists in Saudi Arabia. The survey collected demographic information of the responders and their perception of pharmacy infection control. In addition, we analyzed the barriers that prevent the implementation of pharmacy infection control in pharmacy practice. We used a 5-point Likert response scale system with close-ended questions to obtain responses. The data were collected through the Survey Monkey system and analyzed with the use of Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft Excel (version 16) software. Results: A total of 435 pharmacists responded to the questionnaire. Of them, 212 (48.96\%) were female, and 221 (51.04\%) were male responders, and there was no statistically significant difference between them (p=0.665). Most of the responders were in the age group of 24{\textendash}30 years (151 (34.87\%)) and 36{\textendash}40 years (101 (23.33\%)), with statistically significant differences between all age groups (p=0.000). The majority of responders held Bachelor in Pharmacy degree (281 (64.75\%)) and Master in Pharmacy degree (94 (21.66\%)), and Diploma in Pharmacy (90 (20.74\%)). The average score of physician perceptions of pharmacy infection control was 3.47. Furthermore, high scores were obtained for the element {\textquotedblleft}the system in my healthcare institution including policies and procedures related to pharmacy infection control is good at minimizing the occurrence of infection-related problems inside or outside pharmacy{\textquotedblright} (3.96) and {\textquotedblleft}the pharmacy infection control implementation has led to positive changes for patients and healthcare institution{\textquotedblright} (3.83). The average score for the element {\textquotedblleft}perceptions of barriers that prevent you from implementing pharmacy infection control{\textquotedblright} was 3.39. In addition, high scores were obtained for the elements {\textquotedblleft}Level of clinical knowledge of pharmacy infection control{\textquotedblright} (4.10) and {\textquotedblleft}Uncertain association between the pharmacy infection control and the drug-related infection{\textquotedblright} (3.65). The scores for single-test reliability analysis for McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω was 0.838, Cronbach{\textquoteright}s α was0.837, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ2 was 0.849, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 was 0.910, and Greater Lower Bound was 0.960. Conclusion: The perception of pharmacy infection control in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was found to be satisfactory. Therefore, we need to implement and provide periodic education and training in pharmacy infection control in Saudi Arabia to improve the perception.

}, keywords = {Control, Infection, Perception, Pharmacy, Saudi Arabia.}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2021.10.22}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Ghudair Tashan Alanazi and Hussa Mubarak Muwainea and Razan Alshehri} } @article {315, title = {The Practice of Pharmacy Infection Control by Pharmacists in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {10}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {144-152}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {144}, abstract = {

Objectives: In this study, we aimed to illustrate the practice of pharmacy infection control by pharmacists in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: In this crosssectional study, we aimed to assess the practice of pharmacy infection control by pharmacists in Saudi Arabia. We used a self-reported electronic survey questionnaire and distributed it to pharmacists from interns to consultants and specialists in Saudi Arabia. The survey collected demographic information of the pharmacists and about the implemented pharmacy infection control practices. The practice of pharmacy infection control and pharmacy infection control responsibilities among the types of healthcare professionals. We used 5-point Likert response scale system with close-ended questions to obtain responses. The data were collected through the Survey Monkey system and analyzed with Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft Excel (version 16) software. Results: A total of 435 pharmacists responded to the questionnaire. Of them, one-quarter belonged to the central region (97 (22.35\%)), followed by the northern region (92 (21.2\%)), and there were no statistically significant differences between the provinces (p=0.637). Most of the responders were from a community pharmacy (81 (18.62\%)), Ministry of Health (MOH) hospital (69 (15.86\%)), and military hospitals (49 (11.26\%)), with statistically significant differences between working sites (p=0.000). Moreover, 212 (48.96\%) were female, while 221 (51.04\%) were male, with non-statistically significant among the areas (p=0.665). Most of the responders were in the age group of 24{\textendash}30 years (151 (34.87\%)) and 36{\textendash}40 years (101 (23.33\%)) with statistically significant differences between all age groups (p=0.000). The average score of the elements related to the implementation of pharmacy infection control practices was 3.07, with high scores obtained for the aspect {\textquotedblleft}the vision of pharmacy infection control{\textquotedblright} (3.79) and {\textquotedblleft}mission of pharmacy infection control{\textquotedblright} (3.55). In contrast, the lowest score was obtained for the element {\textquotedblleft}competition in infection control pharmacy{\textquotedblright} (2.51) and infection control pharmacy and quality management (2.65). The average score for the element implementation of pharmacy infection control practice was 3.47, with high scores obtained for the element {\textquotedblleft}the pharmacist share in infection control committee{\textquotedblright} (4.37) and {\textquotedblleft}the pharmacist was always a staff member of infection control or pharmacy departments{\textquotedblright} 3.84. In contrast, the lowest score was obtained for the element attending several courses or workshops about pharmacy infection control (3.17). The scores for the single-test reliability analysis of McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω was 922, Cronbach{\textquoteright}s α was0.919, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ2 was 0.930, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 was 0.973, and Greater Lower Bound was 0.990. Conclusion: In this study, pharmacists{\textquoteright} practice of pharmacy infection control was found to be inadequate in Saudi Arabia. Therefore, implementing infection control in pharmacy practice is required to prevent drug-related infection control problems. In addition, we recommend improving the infection control practice in pharmacy services in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Control, Infection, Pharmacy, Practice, Saudi Arabia.}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2021.10.20}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Ghudair Tashan Alanazi and Ban Abdullah Aldosary and Hussa Mubarak Muwainea and Razan Alshehri} } @article {316, title = {Public{\textquoteright}s Perception and Attitude of Herbal Medication for Respiratory Viral Infections}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {10}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {153-159}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {153}, abstract = {

Background: The use of herbal-origin medications is overgrowing, snowballing belief in its absolute safety. However, some herbal medicines have revealed severe adverse events that may reach death. Hence, it is vital to understand the perception and attitude of patients towards using herbal medications. Objectives: This survey analysis goals to gauge patients{\textquoteright} perceptions and attitudes towards herbal medicine to manage respiratory infections. Design and Settings: A self-administered, structured questionnaire was sent to the public online, counting questions on the responders{\textquoteright} demographics and questions about different herbal medications and their use to treat viral respiratory infections. The survey also encompassed questions to evaluate patients{\textquoteright} perceptions and attitudes towards the use of herbal medicine. Data analysis was implemented through SPSS program version 26. Results: Four hundred and eighty-six responders contributed in this questionnaire. 89.92\% of the responders were from the west area, and 94.62\% had a Saudi nationality. 56.49\% were in the age group between 18 to 30 years old. 46.27\% were students, while only 23.44\% were employees. 53.69\% had an income \<3000 SR. 18.32\% were healthcare practitioners, and 53.85\% were physicians. 45.42\% of the patients did not use herbal medications over the last year. 44.01\% found herbal medicines effective and valuable, and 41.98\% of the responders described herbal medicines as operative. Patients{\textquoteright} gender (p-value=0.025) significantly affected patients{\textquoteright} perception of using herbal medications, where females showed a significantly better perception than females. The validity was tested by Mac (0.96), Cronbach (0.958), Guttmann 2 (0.961), and Guttmann 6 (0.973). Conclusion: The attitudes and perceptions of herbal medicine use among patients in Saudi Arabia are scarce. Awareness of the general public about herbal medications should be amended.

}, keywords = {Attitude, Herbal Medication, Perception, Public, Saudi Arabia., Viral Infections}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2021.10.21}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Ghadeer Alhazmi and Murouj Almaghrabi and Ghaida Alzahrani and Mohammad Almatrafi} } @article {270, title = {Mass Gathering (Hajj) Pharmacy Indicators: New Initiative in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {9}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {114-116}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {114}, abstract = {

Objective: To demonstrate the mass gathering hajj pharmacy indicators as new initiatives in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a new initiative project drove by national mass gathering pharmaceutical programs. The projects drove the mass gathering medicine guidelines and the international business model, pharmacy project guidelines project management institution guidelines of a new project. The initiative project is inscribed through project management professionals and contained several parts, including the initial phase, the planning phase, the execution phase and the monitoring and controlling phase. Results: The pharmacy indicators during the mass gathering with a defined vision, mission and goals. The services had several benefits with monitoring the clinical and economic of mass gathering pharmaceutical care, as demonstrated in the review. The continuation of the project guaranteed by the risk management model description. Furthermore, the monitoring and controlling of the services as demonstrated. The transition to operation project, though closing project stage declared in the analysis. Conclusion: The mass gathering pharmacy indicators is new initiative project is part of the mass gathering medicine. There are several sections of pharmacy indicators can be initiated during mass gathering; it is highly suggested in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Hajj, Indicators, Initiative, Mass Gathering, Pharmacy, Saudi Arabia., Services}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2020.9.22}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Nezar Adnan Yahya Khayat and Yasir Abdulraheem Bamagaus and Abdulrahman Safar Alqthami and Fareed Ali Alharpi and Ahmad M. AlKharoby and Wael H. Motair} }