@article {368, title = {Advanced Practice of Total Parenteral Nutrition by Physicians in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {12}, year = {2023}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {140-149}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {140}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the physician{\textquoteright}s advanced practice of Total Parenteral Nutrition in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It analyzes a cross-sectional survey that discussed advanced physician practice of Total Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) in Saudi Arabia. The survey consisted of respondents{\textquoteright} demographic information about physicians and Advanced Practice Total Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) by Physicians, the types of prescribing, preparations, and administrations of the Total Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) system, The responsibility of Total Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs). The 5-point Likert response scale system was used with closed-ended questions. The survey was validated through the revision of expert reviewers and pilot testing. Besides, various tests of the reliability of McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ2, and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 were done with the study. In addition, the data analysis of the Pharmacist practice of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) medications is done through the survey monkey system. Besides, the Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft Excel sheet version 16. Results: A total number of 409 physicians responded to the questionnaire. Of them, almost one-half responded from the Northern region (186 (45.48\%)), and one Quarter responded from the central area (106 (25.92\%)), with statistically significant differences between the provinces (p=0.000). Females responded more than males (268 (65.53\%)) versus 141 (34.47\%)), with statistically significant differences between all levels (p=0.001). Most of the responders were in the age group of 36-45 years (198 (48.41\%)) and 46-55 years (109 (26.65\%)), with statistically significant differences between all age groups (p=0.000). Almost one-half of responders, 176 (43.03\%), worked at an organization that had Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) services, with only 86 (21.03\%) had been ever requested any Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) with statistically significant differences between all answers (p=0.000). The average score of items for advanced practicing Total Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) was (3.48). The {\textquotedblleft}Patient safety system for TPN{\textquotedblright} item scored the highest (3.74). Followed by The element {\textquotedblleft}Pediatrics TPN forms{\textquotedblright} (3.73) and The element {\textquotedblleft}Clean room for TPN preparation{\textquotedblright} (3.73). Most physicians had Customized Total Parenteral nutrition for geriatrics 228 (55.75\%) and Pediatric 225 (55.01\%). In using Standardized Total Parenteral nutrition, most physicians used for geriatrics, 283 (69.19\%) and 189 (46.21\%), do not know how to use it. In Pre-mixed Total Parenteral nutrition, most physicians used geriatrics 211 (51.59\%) and adolescents 209 (51.10\%). Conclusion: The advanced practice of parenteral nutrition by physicians was adequate. One-half of physicians practice the New model of parenteral nutrition. The physician had negative perceptions of the parenteral nutrition responsibilities of the pharmacist. The advanced practice of TPN should be considered for further evaluation and accountability in medical care.

}, keywords = {Nutrition, Parenteral, Physicians, Practice, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2023.12.18}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Fatma Al Raisi and Riyadh M Alashban and Ban Abdullah Aldosary and Abdulmajeed Ali Alshehri} } @article {355, title = {The Basic Practice of Total Parenteral Nutrition by Physicians in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {12}, year = {2023}, month = {September 2023}, pages = {49-55}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {49}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the essential practice of Total Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) by the physician in Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: The study is a cross-sectional survey highlighting the essential practice of Total Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) by a Saudi Arabian physician. The survey consisted of respondents{\textquoteright} demographic information about the essential practice of Total Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) by the physician at the institution, including the availabilities of Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) at the institution, physician prescribing TPN, the number of patients who need TPN, and the number of TPN orders. The 5-point Likert response scale system was used with closed-ended questions. The survey was validated through the revision of expert reviewers and pilot testing. Besides, various tests of the reliability of McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ2, and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 were done with the study. Furthermore, the physician{\textquoteright}s data analysis of the essential practice of Total Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) is done through the survey monkey system. Besides, the Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft Excel sheet version 16. Results: A total number of 409 physicians responded to the questionnaire. Of them, almost onehalf responded from the Northern region (n=186 (45.48\%), and around one-Quarter of the responded physician were from the central area (n=106) (25.92\%), with statistically significant differences between the provinces (p=0.000). Females responded more than males (n=268) (65.53\%) versus (n=141) (34.47\%), with statistically significant differences between all levels (p=0.001). Most of the responders were in the age group of 36-45 years (n=198) (48.41\%) and 46-55 years (n=109) (26.65\%), with statistically significant differences between all age groups (p=0.000). Almost onehalf of responders (n=176) (43.03\%) worked at an organization that had parenteral nutrition services (TPNs) services. However, less than a quarter had been ever requested any parenteral nutrition services (TPNs) (n=86) (21.03\%), with statistically significant differences between all answers (p=0.000). Most physicians do not ever request any parenteral nutrition services (TPNs) (n=179) (43.77\%), or they do not have any answer (n=144) (35.21\%). The estimated total number of TPN prescriptions was (21,344.50) daily, with an average of (16.25) TPN orders per responder working in hospital practice. Those prescriptions were needed; the total number of patients was (5,757); with an average of (60.3) patients per responder. The highest range number of patients was (n=108) (26.41\%) in a range (81-100) patients and 103 (25.18\%) in a field (1-20) patients daily. The average score of essential practice items for Total Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) at the institution was (3.31). The element {\textquotedblleft}Mission of Total Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) system{\textquotedblright} obtained the highest score (3.61). The element {\textquotedblleft}Nutrition Support Team services were (3.56). Conclusion: Physicians{\textquoteright} essential practice of parenteral nutrition was inadequate despite the high number of patients and the number of TPN orders. Lack of parenteral nutrition education was the primary concern in the physician{\textquoteright}s parenteral nutrition practice in medical care.

}, keywords = {Basic, Physicians, Practice, Saudi Arabia., Total Parenteral Nutrition}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2023.12.7}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Jawza F. Alsabhan and Amal Abdulllah Alnasser and Ayman Uthman Alhussini and Abdulmajeed Ali Alshehri} } @article {341, title = {The Home Care Clinical Pharmacy Practice in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {11}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {122-131}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {122}, abstract = {

Objectives: To demonstrate the clinical pharmacy in home health care services in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It analyzes a cross-sectional survey discussing home care clinical pharmacy practice in Saudi Arabia. The survey consisted of respondents{\textquoteright} demographic information about the workforce{\textquoteright}s pharmacists, Pharmacotherapy classes utilization for home healthcare patients, and therapeutic guidelines implemented in Home Healthcare Pharmacy services. The 5-point Likert response scale system was used with closed-ended questions. The survey was validated through the revision of expert reviewers and pilot testing. Besides, various tests of reliability, McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ2, and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 were done with the study. Furthermore, the data analysis of the home care clinical pharmacy practice is done through the survey monkey system. Besides, the statistical package of social sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft Excel sheet version 16. Results: A total number of 393 pharmacists responded to the questionnaire. Of them, more than three-quarters responded from the Central region (303 (77.10\%)), with statistically significant differences between the provinces (p=0.000). Males responded less than females (195 (49.74\%)) versus 197 (50.26\%\%)), with statistically non-significant differences between them (p=0.920). Most of the responders were in the age group of 24-35 years (267 (67.94\%)) and 36-45 years (121 (30.79\%)), with statistically significant differences between all age groups (p=0.000). Most responders stated that pharmacy home healthcare workforces were five or more clinical pharmacists (35.14-41.89\%) and full-time pharmacy staff providing home health pharmacy services. Besides, five or more pharmacists (30.89-52.57\%) and five or more pharmacy technicians (31.25-51.09\%) with statistically significant differences between all workforce numbers (p=0.000). Most medications reviewed or dispensed for home healthcare patients include Nutrition support (4.50) and Vitamins and mineral supplements (4.49). They were followed by NSAIDs or Pain killers (4.46) and Antibiotics (4.45), with statistically significant differences between all answers (p=0.000). The average score of therapeutic guidelines implemented in Home healthcare Pharmacy services was (4.29). The element {\textquotedblleft}The standard considerations of urology disease therapy guidelines{\textquotedblright} obtained the highest score (4.44). The element {\textquotedblleft}The standard considerations of acute and chronic kidney disease therapy among geriatric patients{\textquotedblright} was (4.41), and the aspect {\textquotedblleft}The concerns and management of Gastrointestinal therapeutic guidelines{\textquotedblright} was (4.38). Conclusion: Nutrition support and vitamin were most used as pharmacotherapy classes for home healthcare services. The urology and nephrology therapeutic guidelines were most implemented. Future research is needed to determine most home care clinical pharmacy services and identify the role of clinical practitioners in home health care services in Saudi Arabia

}, keywords = {Clinical, Home Healthcare, Pharmacy, Practice, Saudi Arabia, Services}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2022.11.19}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Ghorm Allah Abdullah Aghamdi and Areej Abdullah Al Jasser and Maha Hussein Almadany and Hussa Mubarak Muwainea and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi and Osama Ali Alzahrani} } @article {342, title = {Practice of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Services by Pharmacists in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {11}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {132-140}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {132}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the pharmacist practice of CPR services in Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: The study analyzed a cross-sectional survey that discussed the Pharmacist practice of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) in Saudi Arabia. The survey consisted of respondents{\textquoteright} demographic information about pharmacists, The availabilities of CPR teams, and pharmacist participation in the teams. The hospital{\textquoteright}s specialties had pharmacy personnel participate with the CPR code. Besides activities the pharmacist provides during CPR code, medications are mainly used for CPR code and pharmacy CPR services implementations. The 5-point Likert response scale system was used with closed-ended questions. The survey was validated through the revision of expert reviewers and pilot testing. Besides, various tests of the reliability of McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ2, and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 were carried out with the study. The data analysis of the Pharmacist practice of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) medications is done through the survey monkey system. Besides, the statistical package of social sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft Excel sheet version 16 were implemented. Results: A total number of 439 pharmacists responded to the questionnaire. Of them, more than one-third responded from the Central region (122 (31.69\%)), one Quarter responded from the Eastern part (91 (23.64\%)), and one-fifth responded from the southern region (79 (20.52\%)). Males responded more than females (203 (53.14\%)) versus 179 (46.86\%)), with statistically non-significant differences between all levels (p=0.219). Most of the responders were in the age group of 36-45 years (152 (39.48\%)) and 46-55 years (134 (34.81\%)), with statistically significant differences between all age groups (p=0.000). The majority of pharmacists had training courses in Basic Life Support (BLS) (293 ((77.11\%)), Advance Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) (289 ((76.05\%)), Pediatric Cardiac Life Support (PCLS) (287((75.53\%)), and Neonatal Cardiac Life Support (NCLS) (203 ((53.42\%)), with statistically significant differences between all levels (p=0.000). Most pharmacists participated with CPR code with Adults CPR team 317 (81.07\%), Neonates CPR team 236 (59.75\%), and Pediatric CPR team 230 (58.08\%). Most hospital specialties had pharmacy personnel and participated with CPR code: Emergency 339 (86.26\%) and Medical (76.59\%). The activities provided during the CPR code by pharmacists mostly were the Administration of medications 314 (71.69\%), Preparation and dispensing of medications 278 (63.47\%), and Providing drug information 267 (60.96\%). During ACLS, the most used medicines were Amiodarone 326 (77.99\%), Dobutamine 323 (74.94\%), and Procainamide 304 (74.33\%). The average score of implemented items for CPR services was (4.09). The {\textquotedblleft}Mission of CPR{\textquotedblright} element obtained the highest score (4.23). The aspect {\textquotedblleft}The vision of CPR including the (ACLS-PCLS-NCLS){\textquotedblright} was (4.18). In contrast, the lowest score was obtained for the element {\textquotedblleft}Policy and procedure of CPR{\textquotedblright} (3.94). The score for the component {\textquotedblleft}The strategic plan of CPR{\textquotedblright} was (4.02), with a statistically significant difference between the responses (p\<0.009). Conclusion: The pharmacist{\textquoteright}s full practice in CPR services is insufficient at most healthcare organizations. Pharmacist participation in the CPR code with whole provides distributive and clinical services that are highly demanded to prevent drug misadventures and improve patient clinical outcomes in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation, Pharmacists, Practice, Saudi Arabia, Services}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2022.11.20}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Samah Mukhlef Alzaid and Wafa Hussain Alshehre and Rola AL Kenani and Khawlah Ibrahim Alshahrani} } @article {343, title = {Practice of Health Insurance Services by Pharmacists in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {11}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {141-150}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {141}, abstract = {

Objectives: To illustrate the Practice of Health Insurance Services by Pharmacists in Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: It analyzes a cross-sectional survey that discussed the Pharmacist practice of health insurance in Saudi Arabia. The survey consisted of respondents{\textquoteright} demographic information about pharmacists and types of Health insurance coverage, present items for health insurance pharmacists at any healthcare institution, and Health insurance pharmacist practice implementation. The 5-point Likert response scale system was used with closed-ended questions. The survey was validated through the revision of expert reviewers and pilot testing. Besides, various tests of reliability, McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ2, and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 been done with the study. Furthermore, the data analysis of the Practice Health Insurance Services by Pharmacists is done through the survey monkey system. Besides, the statistical package of social sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft Excel sheet version 16. Results: A total number of 398 pharmacists responded to the questionnaire. Of them, more than onethird responded from the Central region (137 (34.51\%)), and one Quarter responded from the western part (109 (27.46\%)), with statistically significant differences between the provinces (p=0.000). Males responded more than females (239 (60.35\%)) versus 157 (39.65\%)), with statistically significant differences between all levels (p=0.000). Most of the responders were in the age group of 24-30 years (271 (68.26\%)) and 31-35 years (56 (14.11\%)), with statistically significant differences between all age groups (p=0.000). Most of the pharmacists were staff pharmacists (300 (75.76\%)) and pharmacy supervisors (43 (10.86\%)), with statistically significant differences between all levels (p=0.000). Almost one-half of pharmacists currently have health insurance coverage (239 ((60.05\%)) with equal or less than one year (108 ((42.52\%)), or 2-3 years (81 ((31.89\%)), have you been associated with your current insurance provider with statistically significant differences between all levels (p=0.000). The average score of practice items for health insurance pharmacists at any healthcare institution (is 1.78). The element {\textquotedblleft}Heath insurance and high-risk medications {\textquotedblright} obtained the highest score (1.85). The aspect {\textquotedblleft}Heath insurance pharmacist and home healthcare medication{\textquotedblright} was (1.84). The average score of Health insurance pharmacist practice implementation (is 3.29). The element {\textquotedblleft}The health insurance pharmacist employee as a staff member of Heath insurance departments or pharmacy services {\textquotedblright} obtained the highest score (3.53). The aspect {\textquotedblleft}The Heath insurance pharmacist had an active role in health insurance departments {\textquotedblright} was (3.53). Conclusion: The pharmacist practice of health insurance was inadequate. The health insurance system highly demands pharmaceutical care. Therefore, implementing health insurance pharmacists at healthcare organizations and other health insurance companies is highly suggested in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Health Insurance, Pharmacist, Practice, Saudi Arabia., Services}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2022.11.21}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Mohammad Abdulaziz AL-Tuwaijri and Mohammad Abdullah Alghamdi and Maha Hussein Almadany and Shaimaa O Ahmadeen and Atheer Fahad Al-Aqile} } @article {337, title = {Practice of High-Risk/Alert Medications by Pharmacists in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {11}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {92-103}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {92}, abstract = {

Objectives: To illustrate the pharmacist practice of High-Risk/Alertmedications in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It analyzes a cross-sectional survey that discussed the Pharmacist practice of High-Risk/Alert medications in Saudi Arabia. The survey consisted of respondents{\textquoteright} demographic information about pharmacists and practices, Basic and advanced High-Risk/Alertmedications practice implementation, the High- Risk/Alertdrugs implemented in the following medication stages, and medications considered high alert or high risk at your institution. The 5-point Likert response scale system was used with closed-ended questions. The survey was validated through the revision of expert reviewers and pilot testing. Besides, various tests of reliability, McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ2, and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 been done with the study. Furthermore, the data analysis of the Pharmacist practice of High-Risk/ Alert medications is done through the survey monkey system. Besides, the statistical package of social sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft Excel sheet version 16. Results: A total number of 442 pharmacists responded to the questionnaire. Of them, more than one-third responded from the Central region (183 (40.40\%)), and one Quarter responded from the Western part (119 (26.92\%)), with statistically significant differences between the provinces (p=0.000). Males responded more than females (264 (59.59\%)) versus 179 (40.41\%)), with statistically significant differences between all levels (p=0.000). Most of the responders were in the age group of 24-30 years (266 (59.91\%)) and 31-35 years (78 (17.57\%)), with statistically significant differences between all age groups (p=0.000). Most of the pharmacists were staff pharmacists (323 (72.75\%)) and pharmacy supervisors (56 (12.61\%)), with statistically significant differences between all levels (p=0.000). The average score of the practice of pharmacists{\textquoteright} basic of High-Risk/Alertmedications was (3.81). The element {\textquotedblleft}The risk medications is a part of medications safety vision{\textquotedblright} obtained the highest score (4.18), and the element {\textquotedblleft}Policy and procedure of High-Risk/ Alertmedications {\textquotedblleft} was (4.18). Followed the {\textquotedblleft}The High-Risk/Alertmedications is a part of medications safety Mission{\textquotedblright} (4.12). The average advanced High-Risk/Alertmedications practice implementation score was (3.62). The element {\textquotedblleft}The pharmacist share in medications safety committee for High-Risk/Alertmedications discussion{\textquotedblright} (4.12) and the element {\textquotedblleft}There is documentation of potential impact and outcomes with High- Risk/Alertmedications {\textquotedblleft} was (3.85). The average score of High-Risk/Alertmedications implemented in the medications stages was (3.99). The dispensing stage obtained the highest score (4.21), and the administration stage (4.12). Most drugs considered high alert or high risk at the institutions were antithrombotic agents 332 (77.39\%) and adrenergic agonists 330 (76.92\%). They were followed by insulin 285 (66.43\%) and inotropic medications 284 (65.97\%). Conclusion: The pharmacist{\textquoteright}s practice of High- Risk/Alertmedication is sufficient in Saudi Arabia. However, more expanded training in anesthesia and operation rooms has been successfully implemented. That leads to many preventive drug-related problems and avoids unnecessary economic burdens on the healthcare system.

}, keywords = {Alert, Drugs., High-risk, Medications, Pharmacist, Practice}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2022.11.16}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Nouf Saad Al-Saban and Randa Jaroudi and Hussain Mohammed Ibrahim Aareji and Faisal Safouq Alanazi and Maha Hussein Almadany} } @article {338, title = {The Practice of home healthcare services by Pharmacists in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {11}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {104-111}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {104}, abstract = {

Objectives: To illustrate the practice of home healthcare services by pharmacists in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It analyzes a cross-sectional survey that discussed practice at home health care services in Saudi Arabia. The study comprised respondents{\textquoteright} demographic information about pharmacists and home healthcare pharmacy services implementation and resources used for home healthcare pharmacy services. The 5-point Likert response scale system was used with closed-ended questions. The survey was validated through the revision of expert reviewers and pilot testing. Besides, various tests of reliability, McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ2, and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6, were done with the study. Furthermore, the data analysis of the practice home healthcare services by pharmacists in Saudi Arabia is done through the survey monkey system. Besides, the statistical package of social sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft Excel sheet version 16. Results: A total number of 393 pharmacists responded to the questionnaire. Of them, more than three-quarters responded from the Central region (303 (77.10\%)), with statistically significant differences between the provinces (p=0.000). Males responded less than females (195 (49.74\%)) versus 197 (50.26\%\%)), with statistically non-significant differences between them (p=0.920). Most of the responders were in the age group of 24-35 years (267 (67.94\%)) and 36-45 years (121 (30.79\%)), with statistically significant differences between all age groups (p=0.000). The average number of home healthcare prescriptions was (17.46) daily per responder, with a total number (6,861) per day. The highest range number of prescriptions was (26-30) ((33.93\%) daily. Those prescriptions were dispensed to home healthcare (8.34) patients daily per each responder, with the highest range number of patients being (16-18) ((25.95\%) daily per each responder. The average score of the practice of pharmacists about the home healthcare Pharmacy implementations was (4.45). The element {\textquotedblleft}The medication error system is included in home healthcare pharmacy services{\textquotedblright} obtained the highest score (4.60). The pharmacists believe that {\textquotedblleft}The research on home healthcare pharmacy services{\textquotedblright} (4.57) and {\textquotedblleft}The cost analysis of home healthcare pharmacy services. The most used resources of the home healthcare pharmacy services in practice were Health Practitioners 265 (67.60\%) and Drug Bulletin 246 (62.76\%). They were followed by Internet 241 (61.48\%), Scientific literature 212 (54.08\%). Conclusion: The home care pharmacy practice by pharmacists is appropriate. Each pharmacist provides home care activities based on each type of healthcare organization. The vision, mission, and home care pharmacy strategy should be identified, and the home care pharmacist role must be unified at all healthcare institutions. Besides, further research about home care pharmacy practice is highly suggested in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {healthcare services, Home, Pharmacists, Practice, Saudi Arabia.}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2022.11.17}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Maha Hussein Almadany and Areej Abdullah Al Jasser and Fawaz Abdullah Alrakaf and Fatima Abdulqader Alshamrani and Hussa Mubarak Muwainea and Osama Ali Alzahrani} } @article {323, title = {Research Policy of the Institutional Review Board in Pharmacy Practice}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {11}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {15-19}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {15}, abstract = {

Objectives: This study aims to declare the Research policy of the Institutional Review Board at pharmaceutical care services as a new initiative in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This article is a narrative review of pharmacy research. Litterateur researched specific research policies and procedures in pharmacy practice using a variety of databases, including PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar. The period covered for the search is from the 1960s to October 2021. The terms used are in the English language and encompasses narrative reviews, systemic reviews, meta-analyses, and guidelines. The search term includes all hospital and community pharmacy-related services. Besides, there are national and international guidelines for conducting general research in hospital practice. The pharmacy research committee was formed and comprised numerous expert members, including clinical pharmacists, pharmacists specializing in drug information, and clinical research specialists. A member drafted the policy{\textquoteright}s guidelines, which were then reviewed and corrected by another member. The research specialist made the third revision. The subject emphasizes the research policy of the Institutional Review Board in pharmacy practice. Results: The Institutional Review Board{\textquoteright}s definition and functions were examined. The policies and procedures have been established. In pharmacy research, there were three distinct categories of actions. That includes Exempted Research, in which no risks to patients are involved. For example, a review of a new program or service, a cost analysis, therapeutic guidelines, review articles, a systematic review, a meta-analysis, or a cross-sectional study. Expedited Research posed little risk to patients. The Complete revision Research has a high risk of adverse effects on patients, such as clinical trials. Conclusion: The Institutional Review Board for research policies in pharmaceutical care services is a new initiative within pharmacy departments{\textquoteright} research and development efforts. The Institutional Review Board for research policies in pharmaceutical care services may enhance pharmacy research and the benefits of investments in pharmacy practice within a healthcare organization. Besides, prevent any adverse events associated with the investigational drug and improve patient clinical outcomes.

}, keywords = {Institutional Review Board, Pharmacy, Policy, Practice, Research, Saudi Arabia.}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2022.11.4}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Amal Hassan Al-Najjar and Hamidah Qasim Ali Abushomi and Maha Hussein Almadany and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi} } @article {288, title = {Dentist{\textquoteright}s Practice of Medication Safety in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {10}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {34-40}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {34}, abstract = {

Objectives: The study aimed to exemplify the dentist{\textquoteright}s practice of medication safety in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It examines a cross-sectional survey that deliberated the dentist{\textquoteright}s medication safety practice in Saudi Arabia. It self-reported an electronic survey of dentists, including dentists from internship to consultant, dental specialties in Saudi Arabia. The survey entailed respondents{\textquoteright} demographic information about dentists and the implemented medication safety in dental care, the medication{\textquoteright}s safety items stated in dental care, and dental medications implemented the medication{\textquoteright}s safety. The 5-point Likert response scale system was used with closedended questions. The data analysis of the dentist{\textquoteright}s knowledge of medication safety is completed through the survey monkey system. The statistical package of social sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft excel sheet version 16 were employed in the study. Results: The total number of responding dentists was 242, with the mainstream of them coming from the central region 95 (39.26\%) with statistically noteworthy among the areas (p\<0.05). Of those, 144 (59.75\%) were male, while 97 (40.25\%) were female, with statistically significant between them (p\<0.05). The average scores of the executed items for medication safety in dental care were 3.12 with high scores element was adverse drug reactions documentation system (3.26), and the vision of medication safety in dental care was 3.23. The average scores of frequently of the medications safety items reported in dental care was 3.17 with high scores element was pregnancy and lactation altering system (3.88) and patient{\textquoteright}s education of dental medications (3.60). The highest scores of medication Safety (to authorities) the responsibility of types of healthcare professionals was a pharmacist (4.34) and dentist (4.23). The reliability test includes McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω (0.980) and Cronbach alpha (0.979). Conclusion: The dentist{\textquoteright}s practice of medication safety was inadequate in Saudi Arabia. Implementation of medication safety in dental care is obligatory to prevent dental mistakes and drug-related problems. Also, the study aimed to improve the patient safety culture among dental practices in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Care, Dentist, Medication, Practice, Safety, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2021.10.6}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Fouzia Abdul Karim Bukhary and Rahmah Abdulilah Alsinan} } @article {294, title = {Forensic Pharmacy Practice: New Initiatives in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {10}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {89-91}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {89}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the services provided by the forensic pharmacy as the new initiative in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a new project derived from the national and international forensic pharmacy services guidelines. The project has been formulated from the global business model, which is the pharmacy project guidelines of the new project. The initial project is written by the project management professional. It consisted of the initial and planning phase, the execution phase, and the monitoring and controlling phase. Results: The scope of forensic pharmacy services was explored with a defined vision, mission, and goals. The services revealed clinical and economic benefits to the patients. The risk management model assures the continuation of the project. Moreover, the monitoring and controlling of the forensic services as declared. Finally, the project{\textquoteright}s transition from the operation phase to the closing phase has been explored in this study. Conclusion: The forensic pharmacy practice is a new initiative project, and it was among the pharmacy strategic plan. The forensic pharmacy services were found to meet the requirement of the forensic pharmacy workforces, overcome the requirement of pharmacy services, and improve forensic clinical pharmacy staff. Therefore, it highly suggests implementing forensic pharmacy services in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Forensic pharmacy, Initiative, Practice, Saudi Arabia, Services}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2021.10.13}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Rehab Sultan Najmi and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi} } @article {295, title = {Nuclear Pharmacy Practice: New Initiatives in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {10}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {47-50}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {47}, abstract = {

Objectives: To declare the nuclear pharmacy services in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a new initiative project derived through the international nuclear pharmacy services guidelines. The project has been formulated from the global business model and pharmacy project guidelines of a new project. Various project management tools write the new project. It consists of the initial and planning phases, the execution phase, and the monitoring and controlling phase. Results: The project presents nuclear pharmacy services with a defined vision, mission, and goals. The nuclear pharmacy services showed various benefits, including clinical and economic benefits to the patient. The risk management model description assured the continuation of the project. Moreover, the monitoring and controlling of the services were explored. Finally, the transition to operation project through the closing project stage is explored in the analysis. Conclusion: The nuclear pharmacy services is a new initiative project in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. It includes a pharmacy strategy in Saudi Vision 2030. The nuclear pharmacy services required the pharmacy workforces, all requirements of basic nuclear pharmacy services foundations. Therefore, the implementation of nuclear clinical pharmacy services is highly suggested in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Initiative, Nuclear, Pharmacy, Practice, Saudi Arabia, Services}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2021.10.8}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Rehab Sultan Najmi and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi} } @article {302, title = {Pharmacist Practice of Forensic Pharmacy Services}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {10}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {111-119}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {111}, abstract = {

Goal: The current study expected to demonstrate the forensic pharmacy practice in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is an analysis of a cross-sectional study. An electronic survey was dispersed to all pharmacists and pharmacy interns. All students were omitted from the existing study. The survey consisted of demographic data about responders and practice aspects and implementations of forensic pharmacy. All analysis was completed using Microsoft Excel and Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS), and Survey monkey. Results: The total number of responding pharmacists was 402. Of those, 198 (49.75\%) were male, while 200 (50.25\%) were female, with statistical significance between them (p\<0.001). Almost threequarters of the pharmacists had bachelor{\textquoteright}s degrees 303 (75.56\%), with statistically significant among all pharmaceutical degrees (p\<0.001). The total average scores of pharmacist feature elements of forensic pharmacy services were 2.5. The high scores element was forensic pharmacy and potential drug-drug interactions (1.42). On the contrary, the lowest score aspect of nuclear pharmacy was forensic pharmacy, education and training program (1.26). The average score of forensic pharmacy practice implementation was 3.15. With high scores was the pharmacist always parts in crimes medicine committee (3.74), while the lowest forensic pharmacy practice implementation scores were attendance several courses or workshops about forensic pharmacy (2.41). Conclusion: The pharmacist part elements or the practice applications of forensic pharmacy were insufficient. The pharmacist plays an active role in the forensic pharmacy practice. Recognized forensic pharmacy with a clear job description of pharmacy staff with the relationship with forensic medicine and forensic strategic planning is mandatory to improve forensic pharmacy services in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Forensic, Pharmacist, Pharmacy, Practice, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2021.10.16}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Mawadah Mohsen Aqeeli and Rehab Sultan Najmi and Samiyah Ibrahim Qassadi} } @article {282, title = {Physician{\textquoteright}s Practice of Adverse Drug Reaction in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {10}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {13-19}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {13}, abstract = {

Objectives: To discover the healthcare providers (physicians and dentists) practice of the adverse drug reaction reporting system in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It was a crosssectional study with a self-administered electronic authenticated survey distributed to Saudi Arabia physicians and dentists. The survey contained of demographic data and rudiments of practicing the ADR reporting system, the number of ADR reported, the method of ADR reporting systems. Results: The total number of participants was 151. Of those, 111 (73.5\%) were physicians, while dentists were 39 (26.5\%). Of those 52 (35.68\%), only those who reported the ADR despite most responders 138 (92.62\%) thought the ADR reporting system was critical. The average scores of physicians practice ADR elements were 2.59. The physicians and dentists{\textquoteright} responders had a high score of the agreement; ADR{\textquoteright}s essential tasks as a pharmacist. Conclusion: Over the past twenty years, more than theory studies and our study specified that ADR physicians{\textquoteright} reporting was terrible. The switching accountability of ADR reporting from healthcare providers to the pharmacist is highly suggested.

}, keywords = {Adverse drug reaction, Physician, Practice, Reporting, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2021.10.3}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Nouf Hassan Alamoudi and Sabah Alanazi and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi} } @article {293, title = {The Practice of Nuclear Pharmacy Services by Pharmacists in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {10}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {70-79}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {70}, abstract = {

Goal: In this study, we aimed to illustrate the practice of nuclear pharmacy services in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study. An electronic survey was distributed to all pharmacists and pharmacy interns. Students were excluded from this study. The survey consisted of demographic data about responders and pharmacy practice aspects of nuclear pharmacy. The data were collected using the Survey Monkey system and analyzed using Microsoft Excel and Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS). Results: A total of 235 pharmacists responded to the survey, with most of them coming from the southern region (82 (34.89\%)), central region (49 (20.85\%)), and western region (47 (20.00\%)), with statistically significant differences between the regions (p\<0.001). Almost two-thirds of the pharmacists had obtained Bachelor{\textquoteright}s degree (149 (63.40\%)) and Diploma in Pharmacy (75 (31.91\%)), with statistically significant differences between all the pharmaceutical degrees (p\<0.001). Most pharmacists were staff pharmacists (119 (51.29\%)) and interns (43 (18.53\%)). The total average score of elements of the practice of nuclear pharmacy services was 1.69. The highest score was recorded for the element {\textquotedblleft}nuclear pharmacy and facilities, equipment, and place for preparation are available{\textquotedblright} (1.79), followed by the elements {\textquotedblleft}nuclear pharmacy and drug monitoring system{\textquotedblright} (1.78) and {\textquotedblleft}nuclear pharmacy and radiation safety{\textquotedblright} (1.77). The average score for the element {\textquotedblleft}nuclear pharmacy practice implementation{\textquotedblright} was 3.39. High scores were obtained for the element {\textquotedblleft}nuclear pharmacy should be covered by health insurance{\textquotedblright} (3.79) and {\textquotedblleft}nuclear pharmacy outsourcing is highly recommended{\textquotedblright} (3.67). The highest score was obtained for the element {\textquotedblleft}nuclear pharmacy currently is the responsibility was a nuclear pharmacist{\textquotedblright} (4.28) and {\textquotedblleft}toxicologist laboratory{\textquotedblright} (3.55). Conclusion: The various aspects of pharmacists based on the elements of the practice implementation of nuclear pharmacy were insufficient in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Pharmacists play an active role in the nuclear pharmacy practice. Further studies on nuclear pharmacy services should be conducted thoroughly and setup strategic plan to improve nuclear pharmacy services in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Nuclear, Pharmacist, Pharmacy, Practice, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2021.10.11}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Ali Taer Al-Asmri and Mohammed Abdulaziz Ayoub Asiri and Abdulaziz Saleh Alnabbah} } @article {315, title = {The Practice of Pharmacy Infection Control by Pharmacists in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {10}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {144-152}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {144}, abstract = {

Objectives: In this study, we aimed to illustrate the practice of pharmacy infection control by pharmacists in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: In this crosssectional study, we aimed to assess the practice of pharmacy infection control by pharmacists in Saudi Arabia. We used a self-reported electronic survey questionnaire and distributed it to pharmacists from interns to consultants and specialists in Saudi Arabia. The survey collected demographic information of the pharmacists and about the implemented pharmacy infection control practices. The practice of pharmacy infection control and pharmacy infection control responsibilities among the types of healthcare professionals. We used 5-point Likert response scale system with close-ended questions to obtain responses. The data were collected through the Survey Monkey system and analyzed with Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft Excel (version 16) software. Results: A total of 435 pharmacists responded to the questionnaire. Of them, one-quarter belonged to the central region (97 (22.35\%)), followed by the northern region (92 (21.2\%)), and there were no statistically significant differences between the provinces (p=0.637). Most of the responders were from a community pharmacy (81 (18.62\%)), Ministry of Health (MOH) hospital (69 (15.86\%)), and military hospitals (49 (11.26\%)), with statistically significant differences between working sites (p=0.000). Moreover, 212 (48.96\%) were female, while 221 (51.04\%) were male, with non-statistically significant among the areas (p=0.665). Most of the responders were in the age group of 24{\textendash}30 years (151 (34.87\%)) and 36{\textendash}40 years (101 (23.33\%)) with statistically significant differences between all age groups (p=0.000). The average score of the elements related to the implementation of pharmacy infection control practices was 3.07, with high scores obtained for the aspect {\textquotedblleft}the vision of pharmacy infection control{\textquotedblright} (3.79) and {\textquotedblleft}mission of pharmacy infection control{\textquotedblright} (3.55). In contrast, the lowest score was obtained for the element {\textquotedblleft}competition in infection control pharmacy{\textquotedblright} (2.51) and infection control pharmacy and quality management (2.65). The average score for the element implementation of pharmacy infection control practice was 3.47, with high scores obtained for the element {\textquotedblleft}the pharmacist share in infection control committee{\textquotedblright} (4.37) and {\textquotedblleft}the pharmacist was always a staff member of infection control or pharmacy departments{\textquotedblright} 3.84. In contrast, the lowest score was obtained for the element attending several courses or workshops about pharmacy infection control (3.17). The scores for the single-test reliability analysis of McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω was 922, Cronbach{\textquoteright}s α was0.919, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ2 was 0.930, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 was 0.973, and Greater Lower Bound was 0.990. Conclusion: In this study, pharmacists{\textquoteright} practice of pharmacy infection control was found to be inadequate in Saudi Arabia. Therefore, implementing infection control in pharmacy practice is required to prevent drug-related infection control problems. In addition, we recommend improving the infection control practice in pharmacy services in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Control, Infection, Pharmacy, Practice, Saudi Arabia.}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2021.10.20}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Ghudair Tashan Alanazi and Ban Abdullah Aldosary and Hussa Mubarak Muwainea and Razan Alshehri} } @article {56, title = {Pharmacist{\textquoteright}s Practice of Reporting of Adverse Drug Reactions in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {86-93}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {86}, abstract = {

Objectives: To assess and compare the practice of reporting Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) and related factors between community and hospital pharmacists in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study. We used a structured, validated questionnaire to collect the data. A total of 263 pharmacists participated in the survey. The questionnaire captures demographic data of the participants and had 26 questions related to the practice of reporting ADRs and factors that encourage and discourage pharmacists from reporting ADRs. Results: Community pharmacists did not know the location of the ADR form, but hospital pharmacists did know about it, which was significantly different (P\<0.05). Despite the increased awareness of ADR form among the hospital pharmacists{\textquoteright}, the overall reporting rate was found to be meager among both the group of pharmacists. We found that several reasons led to the low reporting rate of ADR, for example, community pharmacists were unaware of how to report ADR and they considered that the ADR is too trivial to be reported compared to hospital pharmacists (P\<0.05). in addition, community pharmacists were not know whom to report the ADRs compared to the hospital pharmacists, which was significantly different (P\<0.05). Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrated that pharmacists who work at hospitals had a higher awareness of practicing system of reporting ADRs than that of community pharmacists. Increasing awareness among community pharmacists regarding the pharmacovigilance and ADR reporting systems is highly recommended in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Adverse drug reactions, Community, Hospital, Pharmacist, Pharmacovigilance, Practice, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.15}, author = {Fatima Fouad Al Doughan and Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Mais Hasan Iflaifel} } @article {71, title = {A Questionnaire Based Study Regarding the Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Self-Medication Among Second Year Undergraduate Medical Students}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {6}, year = {2017}, month = {October 2017}, pages = {1-5}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

Background: Self-medication is becoming very common in our routine life which is an unhealthy and risky practice.Present study was done to determine the knowledge, attitude and practice of self-medication among second year undergraduate medical students of a private medical college in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh. Material and methods: A pre-validated questionnaire was prepared and distributed among the students.Data was collected and analysed using Microsoft Excel and the results expressed as counts and percentages. Results: Total 139 students participated in the study voluntarily and most common reason for taking Self-medication was that there was no need to visit the doctor for minor illness. In maximum students, source of information of the drugs used for Self-medication was previous prescription and source of the drugs was medical store. Only 39\% MBBS students accepted the fact, that they always visited a qualified practitioner whenever they fell ill. Most of the students took Self-medication for headache followed by cough, cold and fever. Out of total 139 students, most of the students took NSAIDS as Self-medication followed by lozenges. Conclusion: This study showed that students of second year MBBS after studying pharmacology became more aware about the drugs and hence do not hesitate in taking Self-medication which is a wrong practice.

}, keywords = {Attitude, Knowledge, Practice, Questionnaire, Second Year MBBS, Self-medication}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.6.1.1}, author = {Rajanish Kumar Sankdia and Mehul Agrawal and Parabathina Bindu Rekha and Nitin Kothari} }