@article {197, title = {Cost Analysis of Clinical Compounding in Saudi Arabia: Antihypertensive of Pediatric Formulations}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {s2-s6}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {s2}, abstract = {

Objectives: The primary objective of this study was to explore cost analysis of pediatric formulations in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a retrospective study of cost analysis of pediatric formulations at 300-bed pediatric and maternity hospital in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. The pharmacy section of this hospital receives the specific formulation from the physician. Then, the expert pharmacist applied the international standard for clinical compounding and provides services to the healthcare staff and patients over 8 hr per day for 5 days per week. The pediatric formulations consisted of but not limited to antibiotics, anti-tuberculosis (TB) medications and anti-hypertensive medications. The cost analysis included the variable expenses such as personal cost, material cost and supply cost and fixed expenses such as direct cost, non-salary cost and overhead cost. The cost was derived from the Ministry of Health information database. All costs used have been analyzed in US dollar currency. In this study, we analyzed the cost of antihypertensive medications for pediatric use through the Microsoft Excel software (version 10). Results: The estimated average total standard cost of pediatric formulations per hour was 53.82 USD and consisted of 58.58\% (31.53 USD) for personal cost, 25.14\% (13.53 USD) for overhead cost, 3.34\% (1.8 USD) for material and supply cost and 12.93\% (6.96 USD) for the non-salary cost. The average estimated cost of Propranolol, Captopril, Methyldopa, Amlodipine and Hydralazine per each preparation was (8.27 USD, 2.37 USD, 6.88 USD, 17.385 USD) and (49.44 USD), respectively. Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study which demonstrated the cost analysis of antihypertensive pediatric formulation in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The pediatric formulations with cost analysis can involve health insurance coverage. Targeting the cost analysis of all pediatric formulation is highly recommended to fit with Saudi vision 2030 in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Analysis, Antihypertensive, Clinical, Compounding, Cost, Formulations, Pediatric, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.36}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Fatimah Fouad Al Doughan and Faiz A. Bahadig and Malika Alhadab and Mona Lubbad and Ebtesam Nazal} } @article {52, title = {Pharmacist{\textquoteright}s Awareness and Knowledge of Reporting Adverse Drug Reactions in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {60-65}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {60}, abstract = {

Objectives: Pharmacovigilance is considered a useful tool in detecting, assessing, understanding and preventing Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) to ensure the safety of medications and protect consumers from ADRs. Consequently, the progression and expansion of pharmacovigilance is urgent for safe and effective clinical practice; therefore, in this study, we aimed to compare the awareness and knowledge of the community and hospital pharmacists toward reporting ADRs in different regions of Saudi Arabia. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2016 to March 2016 in Saudi Arabia. A validated and structured questionnaire was distributed by hand or via Internet to 263 hospital and community pharmacists. The questionnaire collected pharmacists{\textquoteright} demographic information and pharmacists{\textquoteright} understanding and knowledge of the pharmacovigilance system and reporting of ADRs. Results: A total of 263 pharmacists responded to the questionnaire with 208 (79.09\%) pharmacists from hospital pharmacy sites and 55 (20.91\%) pharmacists from community pharmacy responding to the questionnaire. There is a significant difference in the pharmacovigilance concept (p\<0.05) between the hospital and community pharmacists. Most community pharmacists were unfamiliar with the existence of a pharmacovigilance center in Saudi Arabia. Furthermore, community pharmacists were unaware of where they could get an ADR reporting form, but hospital pharmacists were aware of this (p\<0.05). Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrated that pharmacists who work at hospitals among different regions in Saudi Arabia had a higher awareness of the pharmacovigilance system than that of community pharmacists who worked at the community pharmacy.

}, keywords = {Adverse drug reactions, Awareness, Knowledge, Pharmacists, Pharmacovigilance, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.11}, author = {Fatimah Fouad Al Doughan and Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Mais Hasan Iflaifel} }