@article {368, title = {Advanced Practice of Total Parenteral Nutrition by Physicians in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {12}, year = {2023}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {140-149}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {140}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the physician{\textquoteright}s advanced practice of Total Parenteral Nutrition in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It analyzes a cross-sectional survey that discussed advanced physician practice of Total Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) in Saudi Arabia. The survey consisted of respondents{\textquoteright} demographic information about physicians and Advanced Practice Total Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) by Physicians, the types of prescribing, preparations, and administrations of the Total Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) system, The responsibility of Total Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs). The 5-point Likert response scale system was used with closed-ended questions. The survey was validated through the revision of expert reviewers and pilot testing. Besides, various tests of the reliability of McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ2, and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 were done with the study. In addition, the data analysis of the Pharmacist practice of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) medications is done through the survey monkey system. Besides, the Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft Excel sheet version 16. Results: A total number of 409 physicians responded to the questionnaire. Of them, almost one-half responded from the Northern region (186 (45.48\%)), and one Quarter responded from the central area (106 (25.92\%)), with statistically significant differences between the provinces (p=0.000). Females responded more than males (268 (65.53\%)) versus 141 (34.47\%)), with statistically significant differences between all levels (p=0.001). Most of the responders were in the age group of 36-45 years (198 (48.41\%)) and 46-55 years (109 (26.65\%)), with statistically significant differences between all age groups (p=0.000). Almost one-half of responders, 176 (43.03\%), worked at an organization that had Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) services, with only 86 (21.03\%) had been ever requested any Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) with statistically significant differences between all answers (p=0.000). The average score of items for advanced practicing Total Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) was (3.48). The {\textquotedblleft}Patient safety system for TPN{\textquotedblright} item scored the highest (3.74). Followed by The element {\textquotedblleft}Pediatrics TPN forms{\textquotedblright} (3.73) and The element {\textquotedblleft}Clean room for TPN preparation{\textquotedblright} (3.73). Most physicians had Customized Total Parenteral nutrition for geriatrics 228 (55.75\%) and Pediatric 225 (55.01\%). In using Standardized Total Parenteral nutrition, most physicians used for geriatrics, 283 (69.19\%) and 189 (46.21\%), do not know how to use it. In Pre-mixed Total Parenteral nutrition, most physicians used geriatrics 211 (51.59\%) and adolescents 209 (51.10\%). Conclusion: The advanced practice of parenteral nutrition by physicians was adequate. One-half of physicians practice the New model of parenteral nutrition. The physician had negative perceptions of the parenteral nutrition responsibilities of the pharmacist. The advanced practice of TPN should be considered for further evaluation and accountability in medical care.

}, keywords = {Nutrition, Parenteral, Physicians, Practice, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2023.12.18}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Fatma Al Raisi and Riyadh M Alashban and Ban Abdullah Aldosary and Abdulmajeed Ali Alshehri} } @article {63, title = {Attitudes and Perceptions of Healthcare Professionals towards Pharmaceutical Care Services in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {June 2019}, pages = {110-115}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {110}, abstract = {

Objective: Pharmaceutical care is a health science discipline in which pharmacists deliver patient care that improves medication therapy and helps health, wellness and disease prevention. An important issue in this area emphases on patient oriented rather than drug product-oriented service. The aim of this study to evaluate the attitudes and perceptions of health care professionals towards Pharmaceutical care services in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: A 4-months cross-sectional survey of healthcare professionals was conducted in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The survey consisted of two-part demographic information and second part forty-nine questions divided into four domains. It included domain one: It included domain one: Primary or essential information about healthcare providers pharmacists, domain two: healthcare professionals information about the ambulatory care pharmacy, domain three: healthcare professionals information about pharmacist{\textquoteright}s relationship and counseling and domain four: Healthcare providers perception of Pharmaceutical care services. All type of healthcare professionals included in the study. A 5-point Likert-type scale was used. There were open and closed-ended questions. The survey was distributed through social media by using what{\textquoteright}s App to more than one thousand healthcare professionals overall Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The survey was made in an electronic format and it analyzed domain two: healthcare professional{\textquoteright}s information about Pharmaceutical care services through survey monkey system. Results: The total responders were 170 healthcare providers. Of those 150 (93.8\%) were Saudi and 10 (6.25\%) were non-Saudi. The gender distribution 129 (75.9\%) were females and 41 (24.1\%) were males. The most of the healthcare professionals were pharmacists 81 (47.65\%), followed by nurses 27 (15.88\%) and physicians 23 (13.53\%). The majority of patient had visited a pharmacy more than 10 times in the past 12-months was 53 (31.36\%), while 40 (23.67\%) of respondents visited a pharmacy more than 5 to 9 times. The most common performances of pharmaceutical care services were dispensing of prescribed medication 119 (73.91\%), medication consultation 89 (55.28\%), dispensing of over the counter medications 88 (54.66\%) and dispensing of non-medications supplements 74 (45.96\%). The highest scores of pharmaceutical care services provides to the patients were at private{\textquoteright}s hospitals (3.45) and non-MOH governmental hospitals (3.40). The most current experience of perception and challenges with high propriety scores were few pharmacist and clinical pharmacists, un-available of patient medication counseling privacy and Unclear handwriting prescription. The most Future Perception suggestion with high Propriety and Opportunity scores were Increase awareness of pharmacist role in public health and Implement patient counseling clinic operated by the pharmacy. Conclusion: Healthcare professional{\textquoteright}s insight is the dynamic tool to develop pharmacy services. Increase the number of the clinical pharmacist, expand the awareness of pharmacist to the public and implement patient counseling clinic, will change the future vision of pharmacy career in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Attitudes, Healthcare Professionals, Perceptions, Pharmaceutical Care, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.19}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Ban Abdullah Aldosary and Sarah Abdullah Al-Hathlool and Maryam Ibrahim Almulhim and Amal Ali Alashaq and Yousef Aboshalaf and Mytham Al-Ethan} } @article {45, title = {Cost Analysis of Activities for Network Drug Information Centers at the Ministry of Health Hospitals in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {45-51}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {45}, abstract = {

Objectives: In this study, we aimed to analyze the cost of network drug information services at the Ministry of Health (MOH) hospitals in Saudi Arabia. Method: In this study, we simulated the 2-month cross-sectional survey data of all drug information centers at the MOH hospitals. Any drug store that has provided services to the healthcare professionals and the public participated in the questionnaire. National, regional and local drug information centers in the healthcare institutions participated in this survey. All type of hospitals or primary care centers (e.g. public, pediatric, maternity and psychiatry) were included in this study. The survey consisted of two parts: the first part collects demographics data and the second part analyzes the cost of activities of drug information centers. The clinical activities were derived from the model of the American College of Clinical Pharmacy (ACCP). The type cost consisted of related central drug information activities, the cost of the patient-centered drug information activity and the cost of Administrative drug information activities. All cost used US dollar currency. Results: The survey was distributed to 60 drug information centers and a total of 46 centers responded to the survey; the response rate was 76.66\%. Most of the hospitals (11 (23.9\%)) had 100{\textendash}199 beds and the others (11 (23.9\%)) had 200{\textendash}299 beds. The total daily cost of drug information activities was 6,002.18 USD. The highest cost of drug information activities was central drug information activities (2,654.69 USD (44.23\%)) followed by the administration of drug information activities (2,280.59 USD (37.99\%)) and patient-specific drug information activities (1,066.9 USD (17.77\%)). The highest daily cost of drug information activities among central drug information center was responding to drug information inquiries ((536.24 USD)) followed by the residential training ((9274.46 USD)) and pharmacist{\textquoteright}s training ((263.14 USD)). Conclusion: The central activities of drug information centers costed the highest. Expanding the services to patient-specific activities will decrease morbidity, mortality and justify cost analysis at MOH hospitals in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Activities, Cost Analysis, Drug Information Centers, Ministry of Health, Network, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.9}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Ban Abdullah Aldosary} } @article {229, title = {National Survey of Pharmacokinetic Services in Saudi Arabia: Perceptions and Barriers of Service Implementations}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {194-198}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {194}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the pharmacokinetic services at the Ministry of Health (MOH) hospitals in Saudi Arabia with an emphasis on perceptions and barriers of service implementation. Methods: This is a 2-month cross-sectional national survey of pharmacokinetic services with a focus on pharmacy management and resources at MOH hospitals in Saudi Arabia. The study consisted of two parts: the first part collected demographic information and the second part consisted of 43 questions divided into three domains. The questions were derived from the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP) guidelines and from the literature. We used 5-point Likert response scale system with close-ended questions to obtain responses. An electronic questionnaire was distributed to the coordinators of the clinical pharmacy services or drug information centers at MOH hospitals and it analyzed the perceptions and barriers of pharmacokinetic service implementations section through the Survey Monkey system. Results: A total of 43 hospital pharmacies responded to the questionnaire, with the response rate of 86\%. The majority of pharmacokinetic services were provided to the adult patients (37 (86.05\%)) followed by the pediatric and geriatric patients (19 (44.19\%) and 13 (30.23\%), respectively) with most of the responding hospitals having less than 20 beds (23 (53.5\%)). The categories with most of the barriers of pharmacokinetic service implementation were lack of knowledge (20 (64.52\%)), lack of pharmacokinetic education (16 (51.61\%)) and lack of an expert pharmacist in pharmacokinetic services (16 (51.61\%)). Most of the responders agreed that clinical pharmacokinetic services were necessary for hospitals (23 (53.5\%)). The responders agreed that the clinical pharmacist through pharmacokinetic services had a positive financial impact and cost avoidance on healthcare system (23 (53.5\%)). Most of the responders stated that pharmacokinetic services improve the safety and efficacy of patient care (33 (89.2\%)). Most of the responders agreed that the pharmacokinetic services improved patients{\textquoteright} clinical outcome (33 (89.2\%)) and prevented drug-related problems (33 (89.2\%)), whereas few of the pharmacokinetic services were provided only 10 (29.4\%) over 24 hr per day. Conclusion: Despite the positive attitude of hospital management toward pharmacokinetic services, there was a lack of education and training regarding the same at MOH hospitals in Saudi Arabia. Revision of strategic planning of pharmacokinetic services with regard to their improvement and implementation are required at all MOH hospitals in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Barriers Ministry of Health, Perceptions, Pharmacokinetics, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.33}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Ban Abdullah Aldosary and Rasha Abdelsalam Elshenawy} }