@article {358, title = {Advance knowledge of Physician about Total Parenteral Nutrition in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {12}, year = {2023}, month = {September 2023}, pages = {67-76}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {67}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the physician{\textquoteright}s advanced knowledge about Total Parenteral Nutrition in Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: It analyzes a cross-sectional survey that discussed the physician{\textquoteright}s basic knowledge of some items for Total Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) in Saudi Arabian. The survey consisted of respondents{\textquoteright} demographic information about Physician knowledge of Total Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) calculations. Besides, the physician{\textquoteright}s understanding of Total Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) adjusts based on diseases, Physician knowledge of Total Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) components for various populations. The 5-point Likert response scale system was used with closed-ended questions. The survey was validated through the revision of expert reviewers and pilot testing. Besides, various tests of the reliability of McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ2, and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 were done with the study. Furthermore, the data analysis of the Pharmacist practice of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) medications is done through the survey monkey system. Besides, the Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft Excel sheet version 16. Results: A total number of 409 physicians responded to the questionnaire. Of them, almost onehalf responded from the Northern region (186 (45.48\%)), and one Quarter responded from the central area (106 (25.92\%)), with statistically significant differences between the provinces (p=0.000). Females responded more than males (268 (65.53\%)) versus 141 (34.47\%)), with statistically significant differences between all levels (p=0.001). Most of the responders were in the age group of 36-45 years (198 (48.41\%)) and 46-55 years (109 (26.65\%)), with statistically significant differences between all age groups (p=0.000). Almost one-half of responders, 176 (43.03\%), worked at an organization that had Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) services, with only 86 (21.03\%) had been ever requested any Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) with statistically significant differences between all answers (p=0.000). The average score of knowledge calculation of Total Parenteral Nutrition services components was (3.41). The element {\textquotedblleft}Total daily requirement of the protein{\textquotedblright} obtained the highest score (3.81). The aspect {\textquotedblleft}Total daily requirement of the electrolytes{\textquotedblright} was (3.77). The average score of knowledge the Total Parental Nutrition services (TPNs) adjust with various diseases was (3.70). The element {\textquotedblleft}Hepatic Failure{\textquotedblright} obtained the highest score (4.30). The aspect {\textquotedblleft}Renal failure{\textquotedblright} was (4.22). Conclusion: The advanced knowledge of physicians about parenteral nutrition calculations or adjusting parenteral nutrition based on the current disease was inadequate. Therefore, targeting undergraduates and postgraduate education and training is highly in the medical care.

}, keywords = {Advance, Knowledge, Physicians, Saudi Arabia., Total Parenteral Nutrition}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2023.12.9}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Riyadh M Alashban and Anwar Ghudair Alanazi and Abdulmajeed Ali Alshehri} } @article {353, title = {Basic Knowledge of Physician about Total Parenteral Nutrition in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {12}, year = {2023}, month = {September 2023}, pages = {29-35}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {29}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the physician{\textquoteright}s basic knowledge about Total Parenteral Nutrition in Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: It analyzes a cross-sectional survey that discussed the physician{\textquoteright}s basic knowledge of some items for Total Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) in Saudi Arabia. The survey consisted of respondents{\textquoteright} demographic information about the Assessment of Total Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) knowledge of physicians, The resources of Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) used by physicians. The 5-point Likert response scale system was used with closedended questions. The survey was validated through the revision of expert reviewers and pilot testing. Besides, various tests of the reliability of McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ2, and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 been done with the study. Furthermore, the physician{\guilsinglright}s basic knowledge about Total Parenteral Nutrition is analyzed through the survey monkey system. Besides, the Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft Excel sheet version 16. Results: A total number of 409 physicians responded to the questionnaire. Of them, almost one-half responded from the Northern region (186 (45.48\%)), and one Quarter responded from the central area (106 (25.92\%)), with statistically significant differences between the provinces (p=0.000). Females responded more than males (268 (65.53\%)) versus 141 (34.47\%)), with statistically significant differences between all levels (p=0.001). Most of the responders were in the age group of 36-45 years (198 (48.41\%)) and 46-55 years (109 (26.65\%)), with statistically significant differences between all age groups (p=0.000). Almost one-half of responders, 176 (43.03\%), worked at an organization that had Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) services, with only 86 (21.03\%) had been ever requested any Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) with statistically significant differences between all answers (p=0.000). The average score of basic knowledge of physicians about the Total Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) was (2.57). The element {\textquotedblleft}Have you ever heard about the concept of Total Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs){\textquotedblright} obtained the highest score (3.22). The aspect {\textquotedblleft}know the requirements of TPN through peripheral line administration{\textquotedblright} (2.89). The element {\textquotedblleft}know the interaction of the drug with total Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs){\textquotedblright} was (2.76). The most resources for Parenteral Nutrition services (TPNs) were the Saud Food and Drug Authority (SFDA) website 178 (43.63\%), Peer discussions 113 (27.70\%), and Medical association literature/guidelines/recommendations 112 (27.45\%). Conclusion: The basic knowledge of physicians about total parenteral nutrition is inadequate. Therefore, targeting education nutrition support for physicians is highly recommended, and the privilege of prescribing TPN should be reviewed.

}, keywords = {Basic, Knowledge, Physicians, Saudi Arabia., Total Parenteral Nutrition}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2023.12.5}, author = {Jawza F. Alsabhan and Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Anwar Tashan Zaid Alanazi and Rashed Abdullah Nasser Almutairi and Abdulmajeed Ali Alshehri} } @article {336, title = {Knowledge of Pharmacists about Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Medications in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {11}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {82-91}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {82}, abstract = {

Objectives: To illustrate the knowledge of pharmacists about CPR medications services in Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: The study analyzed a cross-sectional survey that discussed pharmacist{\textquoteright}s knowledge of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) medications in Saudi Arabia. The survey consisted of respondents{\textquoteright} demographic information about pharmacists and Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) drugs, assessment of primary and advanced knowledge, and the resources used for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) medications. The 5-point Likert response scale system was used with closed-ended questions. The survey was validated through the revision of expert reviewers and pilot testing. Besides, various tests of the reliability of McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ2, and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 were carried out with the study. The data analysis of the Pharmacist practice of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) medications is done through the survey monkey system. Besides, the statistical package of social sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft Excel sheet version 16 were implemented. Results: A total number of 439 pharmacists responded to the questionnaire. Of them, more than onethird responded from the Central region (122 (31.69\%)), one Quarter responded from the Eastern region (91 (23.64\%)), and one-fifth responded from the southern part (79 (20.52\%)). Males responded more than females (203 (53.14\%)) versus 179 (46.86\%)), with statistically non-significant differences between all levels (p=0.219). Most of the responders were in the age group of 36-45 years (152 (39.48\%)) and 46-55 years (134 (34.81\%)), with statistically significant differences between all age groups (p=0.000). The majority of pharmacists had training courses in Basic Life Support (BLS) (293 ((77.11\%)), Advance Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) (289 ((76.05\%)), Pediatric Cardiac Life Support (PCLS) (287((75.53\%)), and Neonatal Cardiac Life Support (NCLS) (203 ((53.42\%)), with statistically significant differences between all levels (p=0.000). The average score of basic knowledge of pharmacists about Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) medications was (1.67). The element {\textquotedblleft}know how to prepare and dispense ACLS medications list{\textquotedblright} obtained the highest score (2.04). The aspect {\textquotedblleft}there is an official standardized NCLS medications list{\textquotedblright} (1.94), and The element {\textquotedblleft}there is an official standardized PCLS medications list{\textquotedblright} (1.93). The average score of advanced knowledge of pharmacists about Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) medications was (1.86). The element {\textquotedblleft}know the compatibility of ACLS medications{\textquotedblright} obtained the highest score (2.31). The aspect {\textquotedblleft}know the drug - interactions with NCLS medications{\textquotedblright} (2.27), and The element {\textquotedblleft}know the drug - interactions with PCLS medications{\textquotedblright} (2.17). The resources used most about the CPR medications were Medical association literature/guidelines/recommendations 307 (76.56\%), Peer discussions 298 (74.31\%), and Scientific literature 293 (73.07\%). Conclusion: The pharmacists{\textquoteright} knowledge of CPR medication was inappropriate. Therefore, undergraduate education and training of CPR medication is high recommended. Besides, involvement training for postgraduate studies is required to improve pharmacy staff knowledge of CPR services and patient outcomes in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation, Knowledge, Medications, Pharmacists}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2022.11.15}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Rola AL Kenani and Samah Mukhlef Alzaid and Wafa Hussain Alshehre and Khawlah Ibrahim Alshahrani} } @article {335, title = {Knowledge of Pharmacists about Health Insurance in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {11}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {72-81}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {72}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore the knowledge of pharmacists about health insurance in Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: It analyzes a cross-sectional survey that discussed Pharmacist knowledge of health insurance in Saudi Arabia. The survey consisted of respondents{\textquoteright} demographic information about pharmacists, The health insurance assessment of primary and advanced knowledge, and The Resources used about the health insurance drug therapy. The 5-point Likert response scale system was used with closed-ended questions. The survey was validated through the revision of expert reviewers and pilot testing. Besides, various tests of the reliability of McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ2, and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 were done with the study. Furthermore, the data analysis of the Knowledge of Pharmacists about Health Insurance is done through the survey monkey system. Besides, the statistical package of social sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft Excel sheet version 16. Results: A total number of 398 pharmacists responded to the questionnaire. Of them, more than one-third responded from the Central region (137 (34.51\%)), and one Quarter responded from the western part (109 (27.46\%)), with statistically significant differences between the provinces (p=0.000). Males responded more than females (239 (60.35\%)) versus 157 (39.65\%)), with statistically significant differences between all levels (p=0.000). Most of the responders were in the age group of 24-30 years (271 (68.26\%)) and 31-35 years (56 (14.11\%)), with statistically significant differences between all age groups (p=0.000). Most of the pharmacists were staff pharmacists (300 (75.76\%)) and pharmacy supervisors (43 (10.86\%)), with statistically significant differences between all levels (p=0.000). Almost one-half of pharmacists currently have health insurance coverage (239 ((60.05\%)) with equal or less than one year (108 ((42.52\%)), or 2-3 years (81 ((31.89\%)), have you been associated with your current insurance provider with statistically significant differences between all levels (p=0.000). The average score of basic knowledge of pharmacists about health insurance was (1.91). The element {\textquotedblleft}the ethics used in health insurance pharmacist{\textquotedblright} obtained the highest score (2.19). The aspect {\textquotedblleft}the health insurance system covered the medications errors sentinel event{\textquotedblright} (2.05). The average score of advanced knowledge of pharmacists about health insurance was (1.95). The element {\textquotedblleft}the knowledge of medications covered by health insurance{\textquotedblright} obtained the highest score (2.38). The aspect {\textquotedblleft}the knowledge of the medications devices and health insurance{\textquotedblright} was (2.17). The most resources used for Pharmacist and health insurance information were health practitioners 179 (46.25\%) SFDA website 128 (33.07\%). They were followed by Scientific literature 117 (30.23\%) and Drug information resources ( Lexi comp-drug information, Micromedex, Epocrates 101 (26.10\%). Conclusion: The pharmacist{\textquoteright}s knowledge of health insurance was insufficient in Saudi Arabia. The Heath insurance pharmacy is in high demand for transformation plans with vision. Therefore, Targeting education and training during undergraduate and postgraduate studies is highly recommended in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Health, Insurance, Knowledge, Pharmacists, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2022.11.14}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Abdulaziz Saad Ali Alrobiea and Shaimaa O Ahmadeen and Mohammad Abdullah Alghamdi and Maha Hussein Almadany and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi and Atheer Fahad Al-Aqile} } @article {334, title = {Pharmacist{\textquoteright}s Knowledge of High-risk/Alert Medications in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {11}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {65-71}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {65}, abstract = {

Objectives: To explore pharmacist{\textquoteright}s knowledge of High-risk/Alert medications in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It analyzes a cross-sectional survey discussing pharmacist knowledge of High-risk/Alert medications in Saudi Arabia. The survey consisted of respondents{\textquoteright} demographic information about pharmacists, the High-risk/Alert medications assessment of basic knowledge, and The Resources used about the High risk or high-alert medications. The 5-point Likert response scale system was used with closed-ended questions. The survey was validated through the revision of expert reviewers and pilot testing. Besides, various tests of the reliability of McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω, Cronbach alpha, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ2, and Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 been done with the study. Furthermore, the data analysis of the pharmacist{\textquoteright}s knowledge of High-risk/ Alert medications is done through the survey monkey system. Besides, the statistical package of social sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft Excel sheet version 16. Results: A total number of 442 pharmacists responded to the questionnaire. Of them, more than one-third responded from the Central region (183 (40.40\%)), and one Quarter responded from the Western part (119 (26.92\%)), with statistically significant differences between the provinces (p=0.000). Males responded more than females (264 (59.59\%)) versus 179 (40.41\%)), with statistically significant differences between all levels (p=0.000). Most of the responders were in the age group of 24-30 years (266 (59.91\%)) and 31-35 years (78 (17.57\%)), with statistically significant differences between all age groups (p=0.000). Most of the pharmacists were staff pharmacists (323 (72.75\%)) and pharmacy supervisors (56 (12.61\%)), with statistically significant differences between all levels (p=0.000). The average score of knowledge of pharmacists about High-risk/ Alert medications was (3.71). The pharmacists familiar with prohibited abbreviations during High-risk/Alert prescribing medications obtained the highest score (4.42). The element {\textquotedblleft}heard about the concept of High-risk/Alert medications{\textquotedblright} got the second highest score (4.39), with a statistically significant difference between the responses (p\<0.000). Followed by the pharmacists familiar with look-alike sound-alike of Highrisk/ Alert medications (4.30) and know the narcotics and controlled medications (4.27) ), with a statistically significant difference between the responses (p\<0.000). The most used resources for High-risk/Alert or high-alert medication information were Drug information resources (Lexi comp-drug information, Micromedex, Epocrates etc. 345 (78.05\%), and Scientific literature 222 (50.23\%). They were followed by Health practitioners 206 (46.61\%) SFDA website 157 (35.52\%). Conclusion: The pharmacist{\textquoteright}s knowledge of High-risk/Alert medications is adequate in Saudi Arabia. However, an expanded basic and advanced understanding of High-risk/Alert areas is needed to improve pharmacy performance, patient safety, and quality of life in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Alert, Drugs., High-risk, Knowledge, Medications, Pharmacist}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2022.11.13}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Nouf Saad Al-Saban and Maha Hussein Almadany and Randa Jaroudi and Faisal Safouq Alanazi and Musleh Samil Reshidi} } @article {284, title = {Knowledge of Medication Safety among Dentists in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {10}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {28-33}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {28}, abstract = {

Objectives: The present study aimed to affirm the dentist{\textquoteright}s knowledge of medication safety in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is an analysis of a cross-sectional survey that conferred dentists{\textquoteright} knowledge of medication safety in Saudi Arabia. Selfreported an electronic survey of dentists, comprising dentists from internship to the consultant, dental specialisms in Saudi Arabia. The survey contained respondents{\textquoteright} demographic information about dentists and knowledge information of designated medication safety elements, and the resources of knowledge of medication safety elements in dental care. The 5-point Likert response scale system was employed with closed-ended questions. The data analysis of the dentist{\textquoteright}s knowledge of medication safety is completed through the survey monkey system. The statistical package of social sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft excel sheet (version 16) were used in the study. Results: The total number of responding dentists was 242, with the mainstream of them coming from the central region 95 (39.26\%) with statistically substantial among the areas (p\<0.05). Of those, 144 (59.75\%) were male, while 97 (40.25\%) were female, with statistically significant between them (p\<0.05). The total average scores of dentist knowledge of medication safety in dental care were 2.78 with high scores element, knowledge of the high alert medication in dental care was 3.48, consider the Medication Errors (MEs) as a sentinel event (3.25), and familiar with medications reconciliation in dental care (3.23). The most resources employed for medication safety for dental care were health practitioners [129 (54.20\%)] and scientific literature [118 (49.58\%)]. The reliability test was evaluated in McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω (0.955) and Cronbach alpha (0.955). Conclusion: The dentist{\textquoteright}s knowledge of medication safety was insufficient in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Targeting training and education of dental medication safety during undergraduate and postgraduates school of dentistry is highly suggested to improve patient{\textquoteright}s safety in dental care in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Dentists, Experiences, Knowledge, Medication safety, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2021.10.5}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Fouzia Abdul Karim Bukhary and Tawfik A. M. Khoja and Rahmah Abdulilah Alsinan} } @article {291, title = {Knowledge of Pharmacists about Nuclear Pharmacy Services in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {10}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {51-59}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {51}, abstract = {

Goal: The knowledge of nuclear pharmacy is essential in pharmacy practice. In addition, the nuclear pharmacy services demand various diagnoses and drug therapy management. In this study, we aimed to explore pharmacists{\textquoteright} knowledge about nuclear pharmacy in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a crosssectional qualitative study. In this study, we distributed an electronic validated reliability questionnaire to all pharmacists and pharmacy interns. Students were excluded from this study. The survey collected demographic data of the responders and the knowledge of pharmacists about nuclear pharmacy, radioactive drugs, and resources of nuclear pharmacy. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS), Microsoft Excel, and Survey Monkey system. Results: A total of 235 pharmacists responded to the survey questionnaire. Of them, 142 (63.96\%) were male, and 80 (36.04\%) were female, with a statistically significant difference between them (p\<0.001). About two-thirds of the pharmacists had earned a Bachelor{\textquoteright}s degree (149 (63.40\%)) and Diploma in Pharmacy (75 (31.91\%)), with statistically significant differences among all qualifications (p\<0.001). The average score for pharmacists{\textquoteright} knowledge of nuclear pharmacy services was 1.61, with high scores obtained for the elements{\textemdash}knowledge of the nuclear pharmacist has additional salary in Saudi Arabia (1.76) and radiation safety considerations (1.73). The average score was obtained for knowledge of radiopharmaceutical products (1.63), and the highest score on knowledge was obtained for 131I-Sodium Iodide capsule five mCi (for thyroid therapy) (1.8) and 201Tl-Thallium solution five mCi (for cardiac imaging) (1.8). The resources used to access information about nuclear pharmacy services were drug information resources (93 (40.09\%)), scientific literature (83 (35.78\%)), and the internet (83 (34.48\%)). Conclusion: The pharmacist{\textquoteright}s knowledge of nuclear pharmacy services and radiopharmaceutical products was poor. Therefore, to expand nuclear medicine, including pharmacy-related nuclear services, we recommend implementing the education and training program on nuclear pharmacy in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Knowledge, Nuclear, Pharmacist, Pharmacy, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2021.10.9}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Ali Taer Al-Asmri and Mohammed Abdulaziz Ayoub Asiri and Abdulaziz Saleh Alnabbah} } @article {313, title = {Knowledge of Pharmacists about Pharmacy Infection Control in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {10}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {129-137}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {129}, abstract = {

Objectives: In this study, we aimed to assess pharmacists{\textquoteright} knowledge about pharmacy infection control in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: This crosssectional survey study was conducted to assess pharmacists{\textquoteright} knowledge about pharmacy infection control in Saudi Arabia. We used a self-reported electronic survey questionnaire and distributed it to pharmacists, including dentists from interns to consultants and pharmacy specialists in Saudi Arabia. The survey collected demographic information of the responders and their knowledge regarding some of the selected pharmacy infection control elements in dental care. We also collected information regarding the resources they use to obtain knowledge of pharmacy infection control. We used 5-point Likert response scale system with close-ended questions to obtain their responses. The data were collected through the Survey Monkey system and analyzed using Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS), Jeffery{\textquoteright}s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft Excel (version 16) software. Results: A total of 435 pharmacists responded to the questionnaire, with one-quarter of them coming from the central region (97 (22.35\%)), and northern region (92 (21.2\%)), with non-statistically significant differences between regions (p=0.637). Of the total responders, 212 (48.96\%) were female, and 221 (51.04\%) were male responders, with non-statistically significant differences between them (p=0.665). Most of the responders were in the age group of 24{\textendash}30 years (151 (34.87\%)) and 36{\textendash}40 years (101 (23.33\%)), with statistically significant differences between them (p=0.000). The total average score of pharmacy infection control assessment for basic knowledge was 3.34, with high scores obtained for the elements knowledge of hand hygiene (3.86) and personal protective equipment (3.83). In comparison, the lowest scores were obtained for the elements knowledge of the accidental sharp devices immunization system (2.80), and the infection control pharmacist gets more salary than regular pharmacist (2.91). The total average score of knowledge of frequently used disinfection and antiseptics products at your healthcare institution (3.60) and the high scores were obtained for the elements knowledge of peroxygens (hydrogen peroxide) (4.63) and alcohol (isopropyl alcohol 70\%) (4.63). In comparison, the lowest scores were obtained for the element knowledge of phenolics (ortho-benzyl-parachlorophenol) (2.76) and the iodophors (povidone-iodine ointment 10\%) (2.99). The score for the single-test reliability analysis of McDonald{\textquoteright}s ω was 0.927, Cronbach{\textquoteright}s αwas 0.924, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ2 was 0.933, Gutmann{\textquoteright}s λ6 was 0.973, and Greater Lower Bound was 0.989. Conclusion: Pharmacists{\textquoteright} knowledge about pharmacy infection control was inadequate in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Therefore, targeting to provide the necessary education and training for undergraduate and postgraduate students to improve patient infection control within pharmaceutical care in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Infection Control, Knowledge, Pharmacist, Pharmacy, Saudi Arabia.}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2021.10.18}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Ghudair Tashan Alanazi and Amani Abdullah Bahdailah and Hussa Mubarak Muwainea and Razan Alshehri} } @article {301, title = {Pharmacist{\textquoteright}s Knowledge of Forensic Pharmacy Services}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {10}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {92-101}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {92}, abstract = {

Goal: The knowledge of forensic pharmacy is a grave issue in practice. For example, forensic pharmacy services are obligatory for crime and drug-related death investigations. The current study purposes to affirm Pharmacist knowledge of forensic pharmacy in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It was a qualitative examination with a cross-section design. An electronic validated and reliability survey was dispersed to all pharmacists and pharmacy interns. All students were omitted from the study. The questionnaire checked demographic data about the responders and pharmacist{\textquoteright}s basic and advanced knowledge of forensic pharmacy and resources of forensic pharmacy. Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS), Microsoft Excel, and survey monkey did all analysis. Results: The total number of responding pharmacists was 402. Of those, 198 (49.75\%) were male, while 200 (50.25\%) were female, with statistical significance between them (p\<0.001). Almost three-quarters of the pharmacists had bachelor{\textquoteright}s degrees 303 (75.56\%), with statistically significant among all pharmaceutical degrees (p\<0.001). The total average scores of pharmacists{\textquoteright} knowledge of forensic pharmacy services were (2.0) with high scores element was the valuation of basic knowledge of the forensic pharmacy was the medications induced addiction (2.74). In contrast, the lowest scores were the job description of forensic pharmacist (1.5). The average score advances knowledge of forensic pharmacy (1.92). The highest score knowledge was the cardiovascular medications (3.00), while the lowest score knowledge of advanced knowledge of forensic pharmacy was the resources of forensic pharmacy (1.37). The most resources applied for Forensic pharmacy services were internet 224 (56.71\%) and healthcare practitioners 222 (56.20\%). Conclusion: The pharmacists{\textquoteright} knowledge of forensic pharmacy services was insufficient. Therefore, the preventing of crimes problems and drug-related death are obligatory to improve patient outcomes. The undergraduate and postgraduate education and training of forensic pharmacy services in highly recommended in Saudi Arabia.

}, keywords = {Forensic, Knowledge, Pharmacist, Pharmacy, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2021.10.14}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Rehab Sultan Najmi and Mawadah Mohsen Aqeeli and Samiyah Ibrahim Qassadi} } @article {281, title = {Physician{\textquoteright}s Knowledge of Adverse Drug Reaction in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {10}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {6-12}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {6}, abstract = {

Objectives: To state the physicians and dentists{\textquoteright} knowledge and responsiveness of the adverse drug reaction (ADR) and reporting system in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It was a cross-sectional design of an authorized self-administered electronic survey about awareness and knowledge valuation of the ADR reporting system in Saudi Arabia. The electronic survey contained of demographic data and designated knowledge assessment of participants about the ADR reporting system. Results: The total number of participants was 151. Of those, 111 (73.5\%) were physicians, while dentists were 39 (26.5\%). Of those (93.38\%) responders who perceived of the ADR reporting system and (54.3\%) knew the diverse types of hypersensitivity reaction. Also, (45.33\%) knew the official form of ADR reporting system, (43.71\%) knew to reflect the ADR as sentinel events and (34.44\%) knew about the legal provision in the medicine act that provides pharmacovigilance activities in Saudi Arabia. Conclusion: The physicians knowledge of ADR and reporting system was insufficient in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Targeting education and training is a planned goal to recover physicians{\textquoteright} ADR knowledge and all healthcare professionals and ADR{\textquoteright}s documentation system.

}, keywords = {Adverse drug reaction, Knowledge, Physician, Reporting, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2021.10.2}, author = {Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Nouf Hassan Alamoudi and Sabah Alanazi and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi} } @article {57, title = {Perceptions and Knowledge of Storing Medications at Home in Al-Qassim Region, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacy and Health Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {Feburary 2019}, pages = {79-85}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {79}, abstract = {

Objective: Globally people store medications at home, which is also common among the residents of Al-Qassim Region, Saudi Arabia. They should be stored safely to prevent the accidental ingestion or unintended use. However, the method of storing medications at homes in Al-Qassim region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is unknown. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to explore the perception and knowledge of medications stored at Al-Qassim region, Saudi Arabia. Methodology: This is a descriptive, cross-sectional survey which was conducted through the random distribution of a pre-validated structured questionnaire with the public and private sector employees and with general population from all walks of life above the age of 18 years in Al-Qassim region. The survey was designed electronically through the Survey Monkey system and was distributed through social media. Results: A total of 708 participants responded to this survey. Most of the responders (485 (68.10\%)) were females. About half of the responders were in the age group of 18{\textendash}29 years (393 (58.31\%)) with a significantly dominant female population compared to males (p\<0.05). Most of the responders checked or almost checked the instructions of storing medications (192 (28.24\%) and 273 (40.15\%), respectively) without any significant difference between education level (p\>0.05). Most of the responders checked the expiry date of stored medications (496 (70.06\%)). Most of the responders did not receive instructions on storage of medications from pharmacist or physician (597 (84.32\%)). Most of the resources regarding storage of medications were obtained from the physician (388 (54.8\%)), drug leaflet (320 (45.2\%)) followed by pharmacist (318 (44.92\%)) and self-learned (154 (21.75\%)). Therapeutic classes of stored medication were analgesics and antipyretics (322 (41.87\%)) followed by cardiovascular drugs (64 (8.32\%)) and oral anti-diabetic drugs (58 (7.54\%)). Conclusion: The results of this study showed that people at Al-Qassim region tend to store medication at home not just over the counter medications but also medications of chronic illnesses. They should be educated on the need of medications, safety of medications and requirements of storing medications at home. Educational activities should be conducted through all possible channels to increase the awareness and to educate people on the proper method of storing medications.

}, keywords = {Al-Qassim, Home, Knowledge, Medication Storage, Perceptions, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.14}, author = {Afaf Badr Alenazi and Mansour Saleh Alsharidah and Amal Hassan Al-Najjar and Suliman Abdulaziz Alghazy and Abdul-Aziz Abdullah Alqadi and Amir Marzouk} } @article {52, title = {Pharmacist{\textquoteright}s Awareness and Knowledge of Reporting Adverse Drug Reactions in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {60-65}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {60}, abstract = {

Objectives: Pharmacovigilance is considered a useful tool in detecting, assessing, understanding and preventing Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) to ensure the safety of medications and protect consumers from ADRs. Consequently, the progression and expansion of pharmacovigilance is urgent for safe and effective clinical practice; therefore, in this study, we aimed to compare the awareness and knowledge of the community and hospital pharmacists toward reporting ADRs in different regions of Saudi Arabia. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2016 to March 2016 in Saudi Arabia. A validated and structured questionnaire was distributed by hand or via Internet to 263 hospital and community pharmacists. The questionnaire collected pharmacists{\textquoteright} demographic information and pharmacists{\textquoteright} understanding and knowledge of the pharmacovigilance system and reporting of ADRs. Results: A total of 263 pharmacists responded to the questionnaire with 208 (79.09\%) pharmacists from hospital pharmacy sites and 55 (20.91\%) pharmacists from community pharmacy responding to the questionnaire. There is a significant difference in the pharmacovigilance concept (p\<0.05) between the hospital and community pharmacists. Most community pharmacists were unfamiliar with the existence of a pharmacovigilance center in Saudi Arabia. Furthermore, community pharmacists were unaware of where they could get an ADR reporting form, but hospital pharmacists were aware of this (p\<0.05). Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrated that pharmacists who work at hospitals among different regions in Saudi Arabia had a higher awareness of the pharmacovigilance system than that of community pharmacists who worked at the community pharmacy.

}, keywords = {Adverse drug reactions, Awareness, Knowledge, Pharmacists, Pharmacovigilance, Saudi Arabia}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.11}, author = {Fatimah Fouad Al Doughan and Yousef Ahmed Alomi and Mais Hasan Iflaifel} } @article {71, title = {A Questionnaire Based Study Regarding the Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Self-Medication Among Second Year Undergraduate Medical Students}, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences}, volume = {6}, year = {2017}, month = {October 2017}, pages = {1-5}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

Background: Self-medication is becoming very common in our routine life which is an unhealthy and risky practice.Present study was done to determine the knowledge, attitude and practice of self-medication among second year undergraduate medical students of a private medical college in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh. Material and methods: A pre-validated questionnaire was prepared and distributed among the students.Data was collected and analysed using Microsoft Excel and the results expressed as counts and percentages. Results: Total 139 students participated in the study voluntarily and most common reason for taking Self-medication was that there was no need to visit the doctor for minor illness. In maximum students, source of information of the drugs used for Self-medication was previous prescription and source of the drugs was medical store. Only 39\% MBBS students accepted the fact, that they always visited a qualified practitioner whenever they fell ill. Most of the students took Self-medication for headache followed by cough, cold and fever. Out of total 139 students, most of the students took NSAIDS as Self-medication followed by lozenges. Conclusion: This study showed that students of second year MBBS after studying pharmacology became more aware about the drugs and hence do not hesitate in taking Self-medication which is a wrong practice.

}, keywords = {Attitude, Knowledge, Practice, Questionnaire, Second Year MBBS, Self-medication}, doi = {10.5530/ijpcs.6.1.1}, author = {Rajanish Kumar Sankdia and Mehul Agrawal and Parabathina Bindu Rekha and Nitin Kothari} }